Schmid Andreas, Karrasch Thomas, Schäffler Andreas
Basic Research Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology, Adipocyte Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Giessen, D 35392 Giessen, Germany.
Department of Internal Medicine III - Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, University of Giessen, D 35392 Giessen, Germany.
Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Nov;34(11):718-734. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.08.002. Epub 2023 Aug 29.
The effects of bile acids (BAs) on liver, enteroendocrine function, small intestine, and brown adipose tissue have been described extensively. Outside the liver, BAs in the peripheral circulation system represent a specific but underappreciated physiological compartment. We discuss how systemic BAs can be regarded as specific steroidal hormones that act on white adipocytes, and suggest the name 'bilokines' ('bile hormones') for the specific FXR/TGR5 receptor interaction in adipocytes. Some BAs and their agonists regulate adipocyte differentiation, lipid accumulation, hypoxia, autophagy, adipokine and cytokine secretion, insulin signaling, and glucose uptake. BA signaling could provide a new therapeutic avenue for adipoflammation and metaflammation in visceral obesity, the causal mechanisms underlying insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).
胆汁酸（BAs）对肝脏、肠内分泌功能、小肠和棕色脂肪组织的影响已被广泛描述。在肝脏之外，外周循环系统中的胆汁酸代表了一个特定但未得到充分认识的生理区室。我们讨论了全身胆汁酸如何被视为作用于白色脂肪细胞的特定甾体激素，并建议将脂肪细胞中特定的法尼醇X受体（FXR）/G蛋白偶联胆汁酸受体5（TGR5）受体相互作用命名为“胆汁因子”（“胆汁激素”）。一些胆汁酸及其激动剂可调节脂肪细胞分化、脂质积累、缺氧、自噬、脂肪因子和细胞因子分泌、胰岛素信号传导以及葡萄糖摄取。胆汁酸信号传导可能为内脏肥胖中的脂肪炎症和代谢炎症、胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病（T2D）的潜在因果机制提供一条新的治疗途径。
