Targeting transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) using Pirfenidone, a potential repurposing therapeutic strategy in colorectal cancer.

The modulating factors within the tumor microenvironment, for example, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), may limit the response to chemo and immunotherapy protocols in colorectal cancer (CRC). In the current study, the therapeutic potential of targeting the TGF-β pathway using Pirfenidone (PFD), a TGF-β inhibitor, either alone or in combination with five fluorouracil (5-FU) has been explored in preclinical models of CRC. The anti-proliferative and migratory effects of PFD were assessed by MTT and wound-healing assays respectively. Xenograft models were used to study the anti-tumor activity, histopathological, and side effects analysis. Targeting of TGF-β resulted in suppression of cell proliferation and migration, associated with modulation of survivin and MMP9/E-cadherin. Moreover, the PFD inhibited TGF-β induced tumor progression, fibrosis, and inflammatory response through perturbation of collagen and E-cadherin. Targeting the TGF-β pathway using PFD may increase the anti-tumor effects of 5-FU and reduce tumor development, providing a new therapeutic approach to CRC treatment.