Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
Centre for Plant Genome Engineering, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany; Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
Biotechnol Adv. 2023 Dec;69:108248. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108248. Epub 2023 Sep 2.
Cereal crops, including triticeae species (barley, wheat, rye), as well as edible cereals (wheat, corn, rice, oat, rye, sorghum), are significant suppliers for human consumption, livestock feed, and breweries. Over the past half-century, modern varieties of cereal crops with increased yields have contributed to global food security. However, presently cultivated elite crop varieties were developed mainly for optimal environmental conditions. Thus, it has become evident that taking into account the ongoing climate changes, currently a priority should be given to developing new stress-tolerant cereal cultivars. It is necessary to enhance the accuracy of methods and time required to generate new cereal cultivars with the desired features to adapt to climate change and keep up with the world population expansion. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been developed as a powerful and versatile genome editing tool to achieve desirable traits, such as developing high-yielding, stress-tolerant, and disease-resistant transgene-free lines in major cereals. Despite recent advances, the CRISPR/Cas9 application in cereals faces several challenges, including a significant amount of time required to develop transgene-free lines, laboriousness, and a limited number of genotypes that may be used for the transformation and in vitro regeneration. Additionally, developing elite lines through genome editing has been restricted in many countries, especially Europe and New Zealand, due to a lack of flexibility in GMO regulations. This review provides a comprehensive update to researchers interested in improving cereals using gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9. We will review some critical and recent studies on crop improvements and their contributing factors to superior cereals through gene-editing technologies.
谷物作物，包括禾本科物种（大麦、小麦、黑麦）以及可食用谷物（小麦、玉米、水稻、燕麦、黑麦、高粱），是人类食用、牲畜饲料和啤酒厂的重要来源。在过去的半个世纪中，产量提高的现代谷物品种为全球粮食安全做出了贡献。然而，目前栽培的优良作物品种主要是为了优化环境条件而开发的。因此，很明显，考虑到正在发生的气候变化，目前的优先事项应该是开发新的耐胁迫谷物品种。有必要提高生成具有所需特征的新谷物品种以适应气候变化并跟上世界人口增长的方法的准确性和所需时间。CRISPR/Cas9 系统已被开发为一种强大而多功能的基因组编辑工具，可用于实现理想的性状，例如开发高产、耐胁迫和抗病虫害的转基因自由系。尽管最近取得了进展，但 CRISPR/Cas9 在谷物中的应用面临着几个挑战，包括开发转基因自由系所需的大量时间、繁琐的工作以及可能用于转化和体外再生的基因型数量有限。此外，由于对转基因生物法规缺乏灵活性，许多国家，特别是欧洲和新西兰，限制了通过基因组编辑来开发优良品种。
这篇综述为有兴趣利用基因编辑技术（如 CRISPR/Cas9）改良谷物的研究人员提供了全面的最新信息。我们将回顾一些关于通过基因编辑技术提高作物的重要和最新研究及其对优良谷物的贡献因素。
