Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University.
Department of Psychology, University of Zurich.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2024 Feb;126(2):282-311. doi: 10.1037/pspp0000473. Epub 2023 Sep 4.
People differ in their reaction to situations, resulting in Person × Situation interactions. These interactions have been emphasized by many theoretical accounts of personality. Nevertheless, empirical progress on Person × Situation interactions has been slow. This is in part attributable to an insufficient distinction of person and situation variables and of different types of interaction effects. We propose a framework distinguishing four nested types of interaction effects varying in specificity: (a) P × S: broad Person × Situation interaction variance, (b) P × S: between-person differences in situation variable-outcome associations, (c) P × S: between-situation differences in person variable-outcome associations, and (d) P × S: specific Person Variable × Situation Variable interactions. We conducted two large online studies ( = 622 and = 818) with standardized situation stimuli ( = 62 pictures and = 62 first-person perspective videos) and assessed Big Five traits, DIAMONDS situation characteristics, and Big Five states. Using preregistered multilevel models, we systematically quantified the different interaction types. We found (a) large Person × Situation interaction variance in personality states, (b) sizable individual differences in situation characteristic-state contingencies, (c) consistent but smaller between-situation differences in trait-state associations, and (d) some significant but (very) small Personality Trait × Situation Characteristic interactions. Our findings highlight Person × Situation interactions as potentially important predictors of psychological states, although the explanation of these interactions through specific person variables remains difficult. Individual differences in the reaction to situations should be incorporated into our models of personality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
人们对情境的反应存在差异，导致了个体-情境的相互作用。许多人格理论都强调了这种相互作用。然而，个体-情境相互作用的实证进展一直较为缓慢。这在一定程度上归因于对个体和情境变量以及不同类型的交互效应的区分不足。我们提出了一个框架，区分了四种嵌套类型的交互效应，其特异性逐渐增强：（a）P×S：广泛的个体-情境交互方差；（b）P×S：情境变量-结果关联中个体间的差异；（c）P×S：不同情境中个体变量-结果关联的差异；（d）P×S：特定的个体变量-情境变量交互作用。我们进行了两项大型在线研究（n1=622，n2=818），使用了标准化的情境刺激（n1=62 张图片，n2=62 个第一人称视角视频），并评估了大五人格特质、DIAMONDS 情境特征和大五人格状态。我们使用预先注册的多层模型系统地量化了不同的交互类型。我们发现（a）人格状态中存在较大的个体-情境交互方差；（b）情境特征-状态关联中有显著的个体差异；（c）特质-状态关联中存在一致但较小的情境间差异；（d）人格特质-情境特征的交互作用有一些显著但（非常）小的效应。我们的研究结果强调了个体-情境相互作用作为心理状态的潜在重要预测因素，尽管通过特定的个体变量来解释这些相互作用仍然很困难。对情境反应的个体差异应该被纳入我们的人格模型中。（PsycInfo 数据库记录（c）2024 APA，保留所有权利）。
