Mohtasham Nooshin, Bargi Rahimeh, Farshbaf Alieh, Shahri Maryam Vahabzadeh, Hesari Kiana Kamyab, Mohajertehran Farnaz
Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Curr Pharm Des. 2023;29(27):2140-2148. doi: 10.2174/1381612829666230904150823.
Due to the high mortality rate of COVID-19 and its high variability and mutability, it is essential to know the body's defense mechanisms against this virus. Saliva has numerous functions, such as digestion, protection, and antimicrobial effects. Salivary diagnostic tests for many oral and systemic diseases will be available soon because saliva is a pool of biological markers. The most important antiviral and antibacterial compounds identified in saliva include lysozyme, lactoferrin (LF), mucins, cathelicidin, salivary secretory immunoglobulin (SIgA), chromogranin A, cathelicidin, salivary agglutinin (SAG) (gp340, DMBT1), α, β defensins, cystatin, histatins, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), heat shock protein (HSP), adrenomedullin and microRNA (miRNAs). Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in saliva could be used in the future as models for designing effective oral microbial antibiotics. The antiviral properties of the peptides in saliva may be one of the future treatments for the COVID-19 virus. In this review, we investigate compounds with antiviral and antibacterial properties in saliva and the importance of these compounds in saliva in exposure to the COVID-19 virus. Due to the transmission route of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) into the oral cavity in the lower and upper respiratory tract, studies of salivary antiviral properties in these patients are very important. Some of the antiviral effects of saliva, especially mucin, α, β-defensins, IgA, IgG, IgM, lysozyme, SAG, SLPI, and histatins, may play a greater role in neutralizing or eliminating COVID-19.
由于新冠病毒（COVID-19）死亡率高且具有高度变异性和突变性，了解人体针对该病毒的防御机制至关重要。唾液具有多种功能，如消化、保护和抗菌作用。由于唾液是生物标志物的集合，针对多种口腔和全身性疾病的唾液诊断测试即将问世。在唾液中鉴定出的最重要的抗病毒和抗菌化合物包括溶菌酶、乳铁蛋白（LF）、粘蛋白、cathelicidin、唾液分泌型免疫球蛋白（SIgA）、嗜铬粒蛋白A、cathelicidin、唾液凝集素（SAG）（gp340、DMBT1）、α、β防御素、胱抑素、富组蛋白、分泌型白细胞蛋白酶抑制剂（SLPI）、热休克蛋白（HSP）、肾上腺髓质素和微小RNA（miRNAs）。唾液中的抗菌肽（AMPs）未来可作为设计有效的口腔微生物抗生素的模型。唾液中肽的抗病毒特性可能是未来治疗新冠病毒的方法之一。在本综述中，我们研究了唾液中具有抗病毒和抗菌特性的化合物以及这些化合物在接触新冠病毒时在唾液中的重要性。由于严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）进入口腔的传播途径在下呼吸道和上呼吸道，对这些患者唾液抗病毒特性的研究非常重要。唾液的一些抗病毒作用，尤其是粘蛋白、α、β防御素、IgA、IgG、IgM、溶菌酶、SAG、SLPI和富组蛋白，可能在中和或消除新冠病毒方面发挥更大作用。
