Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Section of Neonatology, Pediatrics Department, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Front Public Health. 2023 Aug 30;11:1186561. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1186561. eCollection 2023.
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are ubiquitous in the environment. The compositions and concentrations of different OPFRs metabolites vary in different environments depending on different human activities. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the exposure of different age groups to OPFRs in Taiwan.
Volunteers provided urine samples and responded to questionnaires including demographic factors, underlying disease, lifestyle information, and occupation from October 2021 to January 2022. OPFR measurements were performed using a Waters Acquity Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography system coupled with a Waters Xevo TQ-XS mass spectrometer.
A total of 391 volunteers (74 children and 317 adults) were enrolled in this study. The concentrations (presented as μg/g creatinine) of bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP, = 0.029) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP, = 0.008) were higher in the adult group, while the concentrations of bis-2-chloroethyl phosphate (BCEP, = 0.024), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP, < 0.001), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP, = 0.009), and Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP, = 0.007) were higher in the child group. Compared with school age children (>6 years), the concentration of di(2-n-butoxyethyl) phthalate (DBEP, 1.14 vs. 0.20 μg/g creatinine, = 0.001), DPHP (1.23 vs. 0.54 μg/g creatinine, = 0.036), TBEP (1.63 vs. 0.29 μg/g creatinine, < 0.001), and the sum of OPFR metabolites (ΣOPFRs, 6.58 vs. 2.04 μg/g creatinine, < 0.001) were statistically higher in preschool-aged children. After adjusting for confounding factors, pre-school age [odds ratio (OR): 4.579, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.389-13.115] and current smoker (OR: 5.328, 95%CI: 1.858-14.955) were independently associated with the risk of ΣOPFRs higher than 90 percentile.
This study revealed the distribution of different OPFRs metabolites in children and adults. DBEP, DPHP, TBEP, and ΣOPFR were higher in preschool-aged children. Pre-school age and current smoking status were independent risk factors for ΣOPFRs higher than 90 percentile.
有机磷阻燃剂（OPFRs）在环境中无处不在。不同 OPFRs 代谢物的组成和浓度因不同的人类活动而在不同的环境中有所不同。本研究的目的是评估不同年龄组在台湾接触 OPFRs 的情况。
志愿者于 2021 年 10 月至 2022 年 1 月期间提供尿样，并回答包括人口统计学因素、潜在疾病、生活方式信息和职业等内容的问卷。使用沃特世 Acquity Ultra-Performance 液相色谱系统与沃特世 Xevo TQ-XS 质谱联用仪进行 OPFR 测量。
本研究共纳入 391 名志愿者（74 名儿童和 317 名成年人）。（以肌酐μg/g 表示）二（1,3-二氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯（BDCPP）和三正丁基磷酸酯（TNBP）在成年组中的浓度较高，而双（2-氯乙基）磷酸酯（BCEP）、二苯基磷酸酯（DPHP）、三（1,3-二氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯（TDCPP）和三（2-丁氧基乙基）磷酸酯（TBEP）在儿童组中的浓度较高。与学龄儿童（>6 岁）相比，邻苯二甲酸二（2-正丁氧基）乙酯（DBEP）（1.14 比 0.20μg/g 肌酐，=0.001）、DPHP（1.23 比 0.54μg/g 肌酐，=0.036）、TBEP（1.63 比 0.29μg/g 肌酐，<0.001）和 OPFR 代谢物总和（ΣOPFRs）（6.58 比 2.04μg/g 肌酐，<0.001）的浓度统计学上更高。在校正混杂因素后，学龄前（比值比（OR）：4.579，95%置信区间（CI）：1.389-13.115）和当前吸烟者（OR：5.328，95%CI：1.858-14.955）与 ΣOPFRs 高于第 90 百分位数的风险独立相关。
本研究揭示了儿童和成人中不同 OPFRs 代谢物的分布情况。DBEP、DPHP、TBEP 和 ΣOPFR 在学龄前儿童中较高。学龄前和当前吸烟状态是 ΣOPFRs 高于第 90 百分位数的独立危险因素。
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