Alharbi Albatul, Alhujaily Muhanad
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia.
Metabolites. 2024 Dec 10;14(12):697. doi: 10.3390/metabo14120697.
TCIPP (tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate) and TCEP (tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate) are organophosphate ester flame retardants found in various consumer products, posing significant health and environmental risks through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal exposure. Research reveals these compounds cause oxidative stress, inflammation, endocrine disruption, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and potentially hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, developmental, reproductive, and immunotoxicity. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the toxicological mechanisms of TCIPP and TCEP and presents the latest data on their toxicological effects obtained in vitro and in vivo, using omic systems, and on the basis of computational modelling. It also elaborates on the scope of further toxicities and highlights the necessity of ongoing mechanistic research, integration of new technologies, and successful transfer of the acquired knowledge into risk evaluation, policies and regulations, and the creation of safer products. Since flame retardants are already present in homes, schools, offices, and daycare centres, efforts to scale back the exposure to these chemicals, most especially the hazardous ones, must be made to protect human health and the environment. Therefore, effective and timely prevention, based upon a deep knowledge of the entire toxicological profile of these substances, is the only way to face this difficult toxicological issue and provide for a healthy and safe future.
磷酸三（1,3-二氯-2-丙基）酯（TCIPP）和磷酸三（2-氯乙基）酯（TCEP）是在各种消费品中发现的有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂，通过吸入、摄入和皮肤接触会带来重大的健康和环境风险。研究表明，这些化合物会导致氧化应激、炎症、内分泌干扰、遗传毒性、神经毒性，并可能导致肝毒性、肾毒性、心脏毒性、发育毒性、生殖毒性和免疫毒性。本综述总结了目前关于TCIPP和TCEP毒理学机制的知识，并展示了利用组学系统以及基于计算模型在体外和体内获得的关于它们毒理学效应的最新数据。它还阐述了进一步毒性的范围，并强调了持续进行机制研究、整合新技术以及将所获得的知识成功转化为风险评估、政策法规以及创造更安全产品的必要性。由于阻燃剂已经存在于家庭、学校、办公室和日托中心，必须努力减少接触这些化学物质，尤其是危险化学物质，以保护人类健康和环境。因此，基于对这些物质完整毒理学特征的深入了解而进行有效且及时的预防，是应对这一棘手毒理学问题并确保健康安全未来的唯一途径。
