Arminen Ilkka A T, Heino Anna S M
Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Front Sociol. 2023 Sep 5;8:1212090. doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1212090. eCollection 2023.
The article employs ethnomethodological conversation analysis (CA) and experimental video analysis to scrutinize the gaze behavior of urban passersby. We operationalize Goffman's concept of civil inattention to make it an empirical research object with defined boundaries. Video analysis enabled measurement of gaze lengths to establish measures for "normal" gazes within civil inattention and to account for their breaches. We also studied the dependence of gazing behavior on the recipient's social appearance by comparing the unmarked condition, the experimenter wearing casual, indistinctive clothes, to marked conditions, the experimenter wearing either a distinct sunhat or an abaya and niqab. The breaches of civil inattention toward marked gaze recipients were 10-fold compared to unmarked recipients. Furthermore, the analysis points out the commonality of hitherto unknown micro gazes and multiple gazes. Together the findings suggest the existence of subconscious monitoring beneath the public social order, which pre-structures interaction order, and indicates that stigmatization is a source for relational segregation.
本文采用民族方法学对话分析（CA）和实验视频分析来审视城市路人的注视行为。我们将戈夫曼的“礼貌性忽视”概念进行操作化处理，使其成为一个有明确界定的实证研究对象。视频分析能够测量注视时长，以确定“礼貌性忽视”范围内“正常”注视的标准，并对其被打破的情况进行记录。我们还通过比较无明显特征的条件（实验者穿着随意、无明显特征的衣服）和有明显特征的条件（实验者戴着醒目的太阳帽或穿着阿巴亚长袍和尼卡布），研究了注视行为对接受者社会外表的依赖性。与无明显特征的接受者相比，对有明显特征的注视对象的礼貌性忽视被打破的情况高出10倍。此外，分析还指出了迄今未知的微观注视和多重注视的普遍性。这些发现共同表明，在公共社会秩序之下存在潜意识监控，它预先构建了互动秩序，并表明污名化是关系隔离的一个根源。
