Gregory Nicola J, Antolin Jastine V
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK.
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2019 Apr;72(4):779-791. doi: 10.1177/1747021818772812. Epub 2018 May 11.
Research has shown that people's gaze is biased away from faces in the real world but towards them when they are viewed onscreen. Non-equivalent stimulus conditions may have represented a confound in this research, however, as participants viewed onscreen stimuli as pre-recordings where interaction was not possible compared with real-world stimuli which were viewed in real time where interaction was possible. We assessed the independent contributions of online social presence and ability for interaction on social gaze by developing the "live lab" paradigm. Participants in three groups ( N = 132) viewed a confederate as (1) a live webcam stream where interaction was not possible (one-way), (2) a live webcam stream where an interaction was possible (two-way), or (3) a pre-recording. Potential for interaction, rather than online social presence, was the primary influence on gaze behaviour: participants in the pre-recorded and one-way conditions looked more to the face than those in the two-way condition, particularly, when the confederate made "eye contact." Fixation durations to the face were shorter when the scene was viewed live, particularly, during a bid for eye contact. Our findings support the dual function of gaze but suggest that online social presence alone is not sufficient to activate social norms of civil inattention. Implications for the reinterpretation of previous research are discussed.
研究表明，在现实世界中人们的目光会偏离面部，但当在屏幕上观看时则会看向面部。然而，非等效的刺激条件可能在这项研究中造成了混淆，因为与实时观看且可以互动的现实世界刺激相比，参与者将屏幕上的刺激视为无法互动的预录制内容。我们通过开发“现场实验室”范式评估了在线社交临场感和互动能力对社交注视的独立贡献。三组参与者（N = 132）观看一名同谋者，分别为：（1）无法互动的实时网络摄像头视频流（单向），（2）可以互动的实时网络摄像头视频流（双向），或（3）一段预录制视频。互动可能性而非在线社交临场感是注视行为的主要影响因素：预录制组和单向条件组的参与者比双向条件组的参与者更多地看向面部，特别是当同谋者进行“眼神接触”时。当现场观看场景时，尤其是在争取眼神接触期间，对面部的注视持续时间更短。我们的研究结果支持注视的双重功能，但表明仅在线社交临场感不足以激活礼貌性忽视的社会规范。文中讨论了对先前研究重新解释的意义。
