Amlaev K R, Mazharov V N
Stavropol State Medical University, 355017, Stavropol, Russia,
Stavropol State Medical University, 355017, Stavropol, Russia.
Probl Sotsialnoi Gig Zdravookhranenniiai Istor Med. 2023 Aug;31(Special Issue 1):927-932. doi: 10.32687/0869-866X-2023-31-s1-927-932.
The review of healthcare systems presented in the article notes the diversity of healthcare management in Greece, Spain, and Bulgaria. All these systems have more or less pronounced state subsystems with different centralization of management, the maximum level of which is represented in Bulgaria. Medical care is provided at several levels, while the provision of primary health care still requires improvement in Greece and Bulgaria. A fairly high percentage of GDP spent in these countries on healthcare does not prevent the co-financing of medical services at the expense of personal funds of citizens, including through informal payments. At the same time, in all three countries, the provision of medical care in hospitals still prevails over outpatient care.
文章中对医疗体系的综述指出了希腊、西班牙和保加利亚医疗管理的多样性。所有这些体系都或多或少有明显的国家子系统，管理的集中程度各不相同，其中保加利亚的集中程度最高。医疗服务在多个层面提供，而希腊和保加利亚的初级医疗保健服务仍有待改善。这些国家在医疗保健方面投入了相当高比例的国内生产总值，但这并不能阻止以公民个人资金为代价共同资助医疗服务，包括通过非正式支付。与此同时，在这三个国家，医院提供的医疗服务仍比门诊服务更普遍。
