Shao Ying, Wang Qiwen, Lu Xingjian, Wang Zhanquan, Zhao E, Fang Shuang, Chen Jianxiong, Kong Linghe, Ghafoor Kayhan Zrar
Shanghai Technical Institute of Electronics and Information, Shanghai 201411, China.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
Sensors (Basel). 2023 Sep 10;23(18):7787. doi: 10.3390/s23187787.
Barrier coverage is a fundamental application in wireless sensor networks, which are widely used for smart cities. In applications, the sensors form a barrier for the intruders and protect an area through intrusion detection. In this paper, we study a new branch of barrier coverage, namely (WBC). Different from the classic barrier coverage, WBC has the inverse protect direction, which moves the sensors surrounding a dangerous region and protects any unexpected visitors by warning them away from the dangers. WBC holds a promising prospect in many danger keep out applications for smart cities. For example, a WBC can enclose the debris area in the sea and alarm any approaching ships in order to avoid their damaging propellers. One special feature of WBC is that the target region is usually dangerous and its boundary is previously unknown. Hence, the scattered mobile nodes need to detect the boundary and form the barrier coverage themselves. It is challenging to form these distributed sensor nodes into a barrier because a node can sense only the local information and there is no global information of the unknown region or other nodes. To this end, in response to the newly proposed issue of the formation of barrier cover, we propose a novel solution for mobile sensor nodes to automatically form a WBC for smart cities. Notably, this is the first work to trigger the coverage problem of the alarm barrier, wherein the regional information is not pre-known. To pursue the high coverage quality, we theoretically derive the optimal distribution pattern of sensor nodes using convex theory. Based on the analysis, we design a fully distributed algorithm that enables nodes to collaboratively move toward the optimal distribution pattern. In addition, AutoBar is able to reorganize the barrier even if any node is broken. To validate the feasibility of AutoBar, we develop the prototype of the specialized mobile node, which consists of two kinds of sensors: one for boundary detection and another for visitor detection. Based on the prototype, we conduct extensive real trace-driven simulations in various smart city scenarios. Performance results demonstrate that AutoBar outperforms the existing barrier coverage strategies in terms of coverage quality, formation duration, and communication overhead.
屏障覆盖是无线传感器网络中的一项基础应用，无线传感器网络在智慧城市中得到了广泛应用。在这些应用中，传感器为入侵者形成一道屏障，并通过入侵检测来保护一个区域。在本文中，我们研究了屏障覆盖的一个新分支，即（WBC）。与经典的屏障覆盖不同，WBC具有相反的保护方向，它将传感器围绕危险区域移动，并通过警告任何意外访客远离危险来保护他们。WBC在智慧城市的许多危险防范应用中有着广阔的前景。例如，一个WBC可以包围海中的碎片区域，并向任何靠近的船只发出警报，以避免其损坏螺旋桨。WBC的一个特殊之处在于目标区域通常是危险的，并且其边界事先未知。因此，分散的移动节点需要检测边界并自行形成屏障覆盖。将这些分布式传感器节点形成一道屏障具有挑战性，因为一个节点只能感知局部信息，并且不存在关于未知区域或其他节点的全局信息。为此，针对新提出的屏障覆盖形成问题，我们为移动传感器节点提出了一种新颖的解决方案，用于为智慧城市自动形成WBC。值得注意的是，这是第一项引发警报屏障覆盖问题的工作，其中区域信息事先并不知晓。为了追求高覆盖质量，我们利用凸理论从理论上推导了传感器节点的最优分布模式。基于该分析，我们设计了一种完全分布式算法，使节点能够协作朝着最优分布模式移动。此外，即使任何节点出现故障，AutoBar也能够重新组织屏障。为了验证AutoBar的可行性，我们开发了专门移动节点的原型，它由两种传感器组成：一种用于边界检测，另一种用于访客检测。基于该原型，我们在各种智慧城市场景中进行了广泛的实际轨迹驱动模拟。性能结果表明，AutoBar在覆盖质量、形成持续时间和通信开销方面优于现有的屏障覆盖策略。
