Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan BP 1303, Cote d'Ivoire.
School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, UK.
Prev Vet Med. 2023 Oct;219:106028. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106028. Epub 2023 Sep 24.
Livestock vaccination coverage rates remain low in many lower and middle income countries despite effective vaccines being commonly available. Consequently, many preventable infectious livestock diseases remain highly prevalent, causing significant animal mortalities and threatening farmers' livelihood and food security. This study sought to assess farmers' maximum willingness to pay (WTP) for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), and peste-des-petits-ruminants (PPR) vaccination of cattle, and sheep and goats, respectively.
Overall, 350 ruminant livestock farmers were randomly selected from three districts located in the northern, middle and southern farming belts of Ghana. We implemented a double-bounded dichotomous contingent valuation experiment, where farmers indicated their WTP for vaccinating each livestock specie(s) owned at randomly assigned price points. WTP responses were analyzed using maximum likelihood estimation, and factors influencing WTP were assessed using censored regression analysis accounting for village-level clustering.
Mean WTP for CBPP vaccination was USD 1.43 or Ghanaian Cedi (GHC) 8.63 (95% CI: GHC 7.08-GHC 10.19) per cattle. Mean WTP for PPR vaccination was USD 1.17 or GHC 7.02 (95% CI: GHC 5.99-GHC 8.05) per sheep, and USD 1.1 or GHC 6.66 (95% CI: GHC 5.89-GHC 7.44) per goat. WTP was positively associated with resilience, limited knowledge about vaccines (assessed prior to WTP experiment), farmland size, and male gender, after adjusting for other covariates. To attain 70% vaccination coverage in Ghana, vaccination costs should be no larger than GHC 5.30 (USD 0.88) for CBPP per cattle and GHC 3.89 (USD 0.65) and GHC 3.67 (USD 0.61), respectively, for PPR vaccines per sheep and goat.
Ruminant livestock farmers in Ghana value vaccination highly, and are, on average, willing to pay vaccination costs that exceed the prevailing market prices (GHC 6 for CBPP and GHC 5 for PPR vaccination) to protect their livestock resources. To achieve 70% coverage, only minor subsidies would likely be required. These results suggest that effective disease control in these settings should be possible with appropriate distribution strategies.
尽管有有效的疫苗，但在许多中低收入国家，牲畜疫苗接种覆盖率仍然很低。因此，许多可预防的传染性牲畜疾病仍然非常普遍，导致大量动物死亡，并威胁到农民的生计和粮食安全。本研究旨在评估农民对牛传染性胸膜肺炎（CBPP）和小反刍动物疫病（PPR）疫苗接种的最高意愿支付（WTP），分别用于牛、绵羊和山羊。
总体而言，从加纳北部、中部和南部农业带的三个地区随机选择了 350 名反刍动物养殖户。我们实施了双边界二分 contingent 估值实验，其中农民根据随机分配的价格点，表明他们对为每一种所拥有的牲畜物种接种疫苗的意愿支付（WTP）。使用最大似然估计分析 WTP 响应，并使用考虑到村庄层面聚类的 censored 回归分析评估影响 WTP 的因素。
牛传染性胸膜肺炎疫苗接种的平均 WTP 为 1.43 美元或加纳塞地（GHC）8.63 美元（95%置信区间：GHC 7.08-GHC 10.19）。绵羊小反刍动物疫病疫苗接种的平均 WTP 为 1.17 美元或 GHC 7.02 美元（95%置信区间：GHC 5.99-GHC 8.05），山羊小反刍动物疫病疫苗接种的平均 WTP 为 1.1 美元或 GHC 6.66 美元（95%置信区间：GHC 5.89-GHC 7.44）。在调整了其他协变量后，WTP 与弹性、对疫苗的有限了解（在 WTP 实验之前评估）、农田面积和男性性别呈正相关。为了在加纳实现 70%的疫苗接种覆盖率，CBPP 疫苗每头牛的接种费用应不超过 GHC 5.30（0.88 美元），PPR 疫苗每只绵羊和山羊的接种费用应分别不超过 GHC 3.89（0.65 美元）和 GHC 3.67（0.61 美元）。
加纳的反刍动物养殖户高度重视疫苗接种，平均而言，他们愿意支付超过现行市场价格（CBPP 为 GHC 6，PPR 为 GHC 5）的疫苗接种费用，以保护其牲畜资源。要实现 70%的覆盖率，可能只需要少量补贴。这些结果表明，通过适当的分配策略，在这些环境中实现有效的疾病控制应该是可能的。
