Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.
Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
BMC Vet Res. 2022 Sep 2;18(1):332. doi: 10.1186/s12917-022-03428-9.
Agriculture in general, and livestock production in particular, serve as a livelihood source for many people in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In many settings, lack of control of infectious diseases hampers livestock productivity, undermining the livelihood of rural populations. This scoping review sought to identify veterinary interventions previously evaluated as well as their relative effectiveness in controlling infectious livestock diseases. To be included, papers had to be written in English, German or French, and had to describe the effectiveness and/or profitability of preventive veterinary intervention(s) against anthrax, blackleg, bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, goat pox, lumpy skin disease, pasteurellosis, peste des petits ruminants, and/or sheep pox in any SSA country. Of the 2748 publications initially screened, 84 met our inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Most of the studies (n = 73, 87%) evaluated the effectiveness and/or profitability of vaccination, applied exclusively, applied jointly with, or compared to strategies like deworming, antimicrobial treatment, surveillance, feed supplementation, culling and dipping in reducing morbidity and/or mortality to livestock diseases. The effectiveness and/or profitability of antimicrobial treatment (n = 5), test and slaughter (n = 5), and use of lay animal health workers (n = 1) applied exclusively, were evaluated in the other studies. Vaccination was largely found to be both effective and with positive return on investment. Ineffective vaccination was mainly due to loss of vaccine potency under unfavorable field conditions like adverse weather events, cold chain failure, and mismatch of circulating pathogen strain and the vaccines in use.In summary, vaccination is the most effective and profitable means of controlling infectious livestock diseases in SSA. However, to achieve effective control of these diseases, its implementation must integrate pathogen surveillance, and optimal vaccine delivery tools, to overcome the reported field challenges.
农业，特别是畜牧业，是撒哈拉以南非洲（SSA）许多人的生计来源。在许多情况下，传染病的失控阻碍了畜牧业的生产力，破坏了农村人口的生计。这项范围界定审查旨在确定以前评估过的兽医干预措施及其在控制传染性牲畜疾病方面的相对有效性。要包括在内，论文必须用英语、德语或法语撰写，并且必须描述针对炭疽、黑腿病、牛结核病、布鲁氏菌病、传染性牛胸膜肺炎、传染性山羊胸膜肺炎、口蹄疫、山羊痘、块状皮肤病、巴氏杆菌病、绵羊痘和/或小反刍动物瘟在任何 SSA 国家的预防性兽医干预的有效性和/或盈利能力。在最初筛选的 2748 篇出版物中，有 84 篇符合我们的纳入标准并进行了分析。大多数研究（n=73，87%）评估了疫苗接种的有效性和/或盈利能力，这些研究专门应用、联合应用或与驱虫、抗菌治疗、监测、饲料补充、淘汰和浸泡等策略进行了比较，以降低牲畜疾病的发病率和/或死亡率。其他研究评估了专门应用的抗菌治疗（n=5）、检测和屠宰（n=5）以及使用非专业动物卫生工作者（n=1）的有效性和/或盈利能力。疫苗接种被广泛认为是既有效又有投资回报的。无效的疫苗接种主要是由于疫苗效力在恶劣的田间条件下丧失，如不利的天气事件、冷链故障以及循环病原体株与使用的疫苗不匹配。总之，疫苗接种是控制 SSA 传染性牲畜疾病最有效和最有利可图的方法。然而，要有效控制这些疾病，其实施必须整合病原体监测和最佳疫苗输送工具，以克服报告的现场挑战。
