Kulkarni Siddharth, Wood Hannah M, Hormiga Gustavo
Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 1000 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20560, USA.
Cladistics. 2023 Dec;39(6):479-532. doi: 10.1111/cla.12557. Epub 2023 Oct 3.
In the last decade and a half, advances in genetic sequencing technologies have revolutionized systematics, transforming the field from studying morphological characters or a few genetic markers, to genomic datasets in the phylogenomic era. A plethora of molecular phylogenetic studies on many taxonomic groups have come about, converging on, or refuting prevailing morphology or legacy-marker-based hypotheses about evolutionary affinities. Spider systematics has been no exception to this transformation and the inter-relationships of several groups have now been studied using genomic data. About 51 500 extant spider species have been described, all with a conservative body plan, but innumerable morphological and behavioural peculiarities. Inferring the spider tree of life using morphological data has been a challenging task. Molecular data have corroborated many hypotheses of higher-level relationships, but also resulted in new groups that refute previous hypotheses. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the reconstruction of the spider tree of life and highlight areas where additional effort is needed with potential solutions. We base this review on the most comprehensive spider phylogeny to date, representing 131 of the 132 spider families. To achieve this sampling, we combined six Sanger-based markers with newly generated and publicly available genome-scale datasets. We find that some inferred relationships between major lineages of spiders (such as Austrochiloidea, Palpimanoidea and Synspermiata) are robust across different classes of data. However, several new hypotheses have emerged with different classes of molecular data. We identify and discuss the robust and controversial hypotheses and compile this blueprint to design future studies targeting systematic revisions of these problematic groups. We offer an evolutionary framework to explore comparative questions such as evolution of venoms, silk, webs, morphological traits and reproductive strategies.
在过去的十五年里，基因测序技术的进步彻底改变了系统分类学，将该领域从研究形态特征或少数基因标记，转变为系统发育基因组学时代的基因组数据集。关于许多分类类群的大量分子系统发育研究已经出现，这些研究证实或反驳了关于进化亲缘关系的主流形态学或基于传统标记的假说。蜘蛛系统分类学也不例外，现在已经利用基因组数据对几个类群的相互关系进行了研究。目前已描述的现存蜘蛛物种约有51500种，它们都具有保守的身体结构，但有着无数的形态和行为特性。利用形态学数据推断蜘蛛的生命树是一项具有挑战性的任务。分子数据证实了许多关于高级别关系的假说，但也产生了一些反驳先前假说的新类群。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了蜘蛛生命树重建的最新进展，并强调了需要额外努力的领域及可能的解决方案。我们的这篇综述基于迄今为止最全面的蜘蛛系统发育研究，涵盖了132个蜘蛛科中的131个。为了实现这种采样，我们将六个基于桑格测序法的标记与新生成的和公开可用的基因组规模数据集相结合。我们发现，蜘蛛主要谱系之间的一些推断关系（如南方古蛛总科、栉足蛛总科和并殖蛛目）在不同类型的数据中都很稳健。然而，不同类型的分子数据也出现了一些新的假说。我们识别并讨论了稳健的和有争议的假说，并编制了这份蓝图，以设计未来针对这些有问题类群进行系统修订的研究。我们提供了一个进化框架，以探索比较性问题，如毒液、丝、网、形态特征和繁殖策略的进化。
