Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
Brain Res Bull. 2023 Oct 15;203:110774. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110774. Epub 2023 Oct 2.
Alpha-pinene (α- pinene), an essential oil that falls under the category of monoterpenes, has various advantages. This research delves into the potential benefits of α-pinene in alleviating nociception caused by the formalin test and the molecular mechanisms involved. Alpha-pinene (1, 5, or 10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was administrated for 7 days before the formalin test. Observations of nociceptive behaviors were made during the formalin test. We examined the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as the expression of COX-1 in the spinal cord. Additionally, we evaluated the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, SOD, GSH, CAT, and MDA in the skin of the hind paw that received a formalin injection. The peripheral injection of formalin triggered nociceptive behaviors, which was notably diminished by α-pinene 5 or 10 mg/kg. The biochemical evaluation revealed that α-pinene significantly moderated the evaluation in TNF-α and IL-1β in the spinal cord induced by formalin injection. Additionally, it was found that α-pinene had a decreasing effect on the expression of COX-1 protein in the spinal cord. Also, α-pinene 5 or 10 mg/kg caused a decrease of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MDA and an increase of SOD, GSH, and CAT at the formalin injection site. The study discovered that doses of 5 or 10 mg/ml of α-pinene can effectively relieve nociceptive response in the formalin test. Alpha-pinene pretreatment reduced the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It also improved the oxidative stress condition by enhancing antioxidant factors and reducing oxidant factors.
α-蒎烯（α- pinene）是一种属于单萜烯的精油，具有多种优势。本研究深入探讨了α-蒎烯在缓解福尔马林试验引起的伤害感受中的潜在益处及其相关的分子机制。在福尔马林试验前，α-蒎烯（1、5 或 10mg/kg/天，腹腔注射）给药 7 天。在福尔马林试验期间观察伤害感受行为。我们检查了 TNF-α和 IL-1β的水平以及 COX-1在脊髓中的表达。此外，我们评估了福尔马林注射后后爪皮肤中 TNF-α、IL-1β、SOD、GSH、CAT 和 MDA 的水平。福尔马林外周注射引发伤害感受行为，而α-蒎烯 5 或 10mg/kg 显著减轻了这种行为。生化评估表明，α-蒎烯显著调节了福尔马林注射引起的脊髓中 TNF-α和 IL-1β的评估。此外，还发现α-蒎烯对脊髓 COX-1 蛋白表达有降低作用。此外，α-蒎烯 5 或 10mg/kg 导致福尔马林注射部位 TNF-α、IL-1β和 MDA 减少，SOD、GSH 和 CAT 增加。研究发现，α-蒎烯 5 或 10mg/ml 的剂量可有效缓解福尔马林试验中的伤害感受反应。α-蒎烯预处理减少了促炎细胞因子的存在。它还通过增强抗氧化因子和减少氧化因子来改善氧化应激状况。
