综述：“动物福利”——一个欧洲概念。

Institute for Agricultural Law, Georg-August-University, Göttingen (Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073, Göttingen), Germany.

Animal. 2023 Aug;17 Suppl 4:100839. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100839.

The concept of animal welfare has its origins less in national constitutional law than in European law. Thus, the concept of animal welfare is primarily located in the transversal clause of Art. 13 TFEU, established in European law through the Treaty of Lisbon (2007). The historical starting point of this norm is the Treaty of Maastricht (1992), which provided for a declaration to observe animal welfare in certain policy areas. Since then, the areas in which animal welfare must be observed have steadily expanded. The systematic position of Art. 13 TFEU in Part I of the TFEU clarifies the legal force and significance of the norm. According to its wording, the regulatory objective of Art. 13 TFEU is to ensure animal welfare. This welfare is not defined in the treaties. However, it is predominantly assumed that welfare refers to the species-appropriate condition. This term is both scientifically determined and normative. Animals are seen as "sentient beings". This clarifies the ethical orientation of welfare and does not lead to an extension of it. Both domestic animals and farm animals, as well as wild animals, are entitled to this welfare. As a transversal clause, Article 13 TFEU determines the definition and implementation of the listed Union policies. According to its wording, the scope of application of Art. 13 TFEU extends to certain areas of Union competence. These are those areas in which a conflict with animal welfare is particularly evident. However, the list also lacks certain areas of competence from which a conflict may also arise. The Union and its Member States can be identified as the addressees. It is the responsibility of the Union and its Member States to ensure animal welfare in the implementation of the policies of the European Union. Regularly, this is done within the framework of administrative implementation, but also within the framework of application by the Member States pursuant to Art. 292 TFEU. Animal welfare is not one of the Union's objectives - this was already recognised in 1978 and is still held by the majority today. It is also disputed whether this is a consideration requirement or a mandate to act. Furthermore, it is unclear to what extent a conviction is possible if the clause is not observed. The validity of Article 13 TFEU may be limited by the cultural traditions of the member states.

动物福利的概念起源于欧洲法，而不是国家宪法。因此，动物福利的概念主要位于欧盟条约（2007 年）中确立的《欧盟运行条约》第 13 条的横向条款中。该规范的历史起点是《马斯特里赫特条约》（1992 年），该条约规定在某些政策领域遵守动物福利。从那时起，必须遵守动物福利的领域稳步扩大。第 13 条在《欧盟运行条约》第一部分中的系统地位明确了该规范的法律效力和重要性。根据其措辞，第 13 条的监管目标是确保动物福利。该条约并未对福利进行定义。然而，人们普遍认为福利是指物种适宜的条件。这个术语既是科学确定的，也是规范的。动物被视为“有感知力的生物”。这明确了福利的伦理取向，并没有扩大其范围。家养动物、农场动物和野生动物都有权享有这种福利。作为一项横向条款，第 13 条确定了所列出的联盟政策的定义和实施。根据其措辞，第 13 条的适用范围延伸到联盟某些职权领域。这些是与动物福利特别明显冲突的领域。然而，该清单还缺少某些可能也会产生冲突的职权领域。欧盟及其成员国可以被确定为收件人。确保动物福利是欧盟及其成员国在执行欧盟政策中的责任。通常，这是在行政执行框架内完成的，但也可以根据《欧盟运行条约》第 292 条由成员国在适用框架内完成。动物福利不是欧盟的目标之一——这在 1978 年就已经得到承认，今天仍然得到大多数人的支持。此外，对于该条款是否是一项考虑要求或授权行动，也存在争议。此外，如果不遵守该条款，是否有可能定罪尚不清楚。第 13 条的有效性可能受到成员国文化传统的限制。