Dpto. de Ciencias Históricas y Geografía, Laboratorio de Evolución Humana, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain.
Unidad Asociada de I+D+i al CSIC, Vidrio y Materiales del Patrimonio Cultural (VIMPAC), Burgos, Spain.
Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2024 Jul;307(7):2575-2605. doi: 10.1002/ar.25331. Epub 2023 Oct 5.
The excellent fossil record from Sima de los Huesos (SH) includes three well-known complete adult femora and several partial specimens that have not yet been published in detail. This fossil record provides an opportunity to analyze the morphology of European pre-Neandertal adult femur and its variation with different evolution patterns. Currently, there are a minimum of five adult individuals (males or females). In this study, we compiled previously published basic anatomical and biometric characteristics of SH adult femora, emphasizing the most relevant features compared to other recent and fossil hominins. The SH femora exhibited a primitive morphological pattern common to all non-Homo sapiens femora, as well as most of the Neandertal traits. Therefore, the complete Upper Pleistocene Neandertal pattern was well-established in Middle Pleistocene ancestors long before the proper Neandertals appeared. Additionally, we highlight that the SH and Neandertal femora share some morphological traits and proportions with modern humans that hold sexual significance in our species, regardless of size. Keeping this in mind, we discussed the sex determination of the complete SH specimens and re-evaluated sex allocation in two of them.
西玛德洛斯休索斯（Sima de los Huesos，简称 SH）拥有极为出色的化石记录，其中包括三具知名的完整成人股骨，以及一些尚未详细公布的部分标本。这些化石为分析欧洲前尼安德特人成年股骨的形态及其随不同进化模式的变化提供了机会。目前，至少有五个成年个体（男性或女性）。在这项研究中，我们整理了之前发表的 SH 成年股骨的基本解剖学和生物测量特征，重点强调了与其他近期和化石古人类相比最相关的特征。SH 股骨表现出一种原始的形态模式，这种模式在所有非智人股骨中都很常见，同时也具有大多数尼安德特人的特征。因此，完整的更新世晚期尼安德特人形态模式在适当的尼安德特人出现之前很久，就在中更新世祖先中确立了。此外，我们强调 SH 和尼安德特人的股骨与现代人类共享一些在我们物种中具有性别意义的形态特征和比例，而不论大小如何。考虑到这一点，我们讨论了完整的 SH 标本的性别确定，并重新评估了其中两个标本的性别分配。
