Department of Botany, University of Mianwali, Mianwali, Pakistan.
Department of Botany, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan.
Nat Prod Res. 2024 Nov;38(21):3743-3752. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2261611. Epub 2023 Oct 5.
Carrot ( L.) is a nutrient-rich vegetable that is widely cultivated and consumed in Pakistan in both raw and processed form. Data on the proximate composition and natural occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) in carrots and marketed carrot products is lacking in Pakistan and the risk exposure of AF has not been characterised before. Thus, the current study was designed to know the frequently consumed carrot products with per capita consumption, and risk assessment of AF through these products in various regions of South Punjab Pakistan. A survey was conducted with 125 respondents and appeared that raw carrot, fresh carrot juice, gajrella and pickle are the most frequently consumed marketed carrot products with per capita consumption i.e. 62.5, 46.6, 16.2 and 14.5 gday-1, respectively. Proximate analysis revealed that carrot root and processed carrot products contained 9.65-98.2% moisture, 0.23-0.60% ash, 6.2-14.1% carbohydrates, 0.31-0.80% protein, 0.40-3.7% fat and 1.4-4.20% fibre. AF analysis revealed that 36.67% of samples were contaminated with TAF. Thirty-five (35%) percent of samples were tainted with aflatoxin B, and 13.33% of samples were contaminated with aflatoxin B. All the samples of carrot root, fresh carrot juice and gajrella contained TAF levels less than the maximum limit (ML) (2 ppb) assigned by the European Union (EU). However, the entire AFB1 positive samples of carrot pickle contained AFB levels of more than 2 ppb exceeding the ML. Furthermore, daily dietary exposure of TAFs ranged from 0.11 to 1.27 ng/kg of body weight per day which relatively exceeds the permissible limit of 1 ng/kg of body weight per day as defined by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. This is the first prevalence and risk assessment report of AF in marketed processed carrot products in Pakistan. These baseline data are an initial step in the effort to deal with this significant food safety issue and the establishment of legislation for AF in marketed products is needed in Pakistan.
胡萝卜（L.）是一种营养丰富的蔬菜，在巴基斯坦被广泛种植和食用，有生的也有加工的形式。目前，巴基斯坦缺乏有关胡萝卜及其市售产品的近因成分和黄曲霉毒素（AFs）自然发生的数据，而且之前也没有对 AF 的风险暴露情况进行特征描述。因此，本研究旨在了解巴基斯坦南部旁遮普地区经常消费的胡萝卜产品以及通过这些产品摄入 AF 的风险评估。我们对 125 名受访者进行了调查，结果表明，生胡萝卜、鲜胡萝卜汁、gajrella 和泡菜是最常食用的市售胡萝卜产品，人均消费量分别为 62.5、46.6、16.2 和 14.5 g/天。近因分析显示，胡萝卜根和加工胡萝卜产品含有 9.65-98.2%的水分、0.23-0.60%的灰分、6.2-14.1%的碳水化合物、0.31-0.80%的蛋白质、0.40-3.7%的脂肪和 1.4-4.20%的纤维。AF 分析显示，36.67%的样品受到 TAF 的污染。35%的样品受到黄曲霉毒素 B 的污染，13.33%的样品受到黄曲霉毒素 B 的污染。所有胡萝卜根、鲜胡萝卜汁和 gajrella 的样品的 TAF 含量均低于欧盟（EU）规定的最大限量（ML）（2 ppb）。然而，胡萝卜泡菜的所有 AFB1 阳性样品的 AFB 含量都超过了 2 ppb，超过了 ML。此外，TAFs 的日膳食暴露量范围为 0.11 至 1.27 ng/kg 体重/天，这相对超过了 FAO/WHO 食品添加剂联合专家委员会规定的 1 ng/kg 体重/天的允许限量。这是巴基斯坦市售加工胡萝卜产品中黄曲霉毒素首次流行和风险评估报告。这些基线数据是解决这一重大食品安全问题的初步步骤，巴基斯坦需要制定市售产品中黄曲霉毒素的法规。
