Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
Centre of Research Service, Institute of Research Management and Services, Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and Renovation), Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Nov;30(51):111062-111075. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-30022-9. Epub 2023 Oct 6.
Multiclass of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as nine perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), five bisphenols, and four parabens were analysed in tap water samples from Malaysia's Klang Valley region. All samples were analysed using liquid chromatography mass tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranged between 0.015 and 5 ng/mL. Fifteen of the 18 EDCs were tested positive in tap water samples, with total EDC concentrations ranging from 0.28 to 5516 ng/L for all 61 sampling point locations. In a specific area of the Klang Valley, the total concentration of EDCs was found to be highest in Hulu Langat, followed by Sepang, Putrajaya, Petaling, Kuala Lumpur, Seremban, and Gombak/Klang. PFAS and paraben were the most found EDCs in all tap water samples. Meanwhile, ethyl paraben (EtP) exhibited the highest detection rate, with 90.2% of all locations showing its presence. Over 60% of the regions showed the presence of perfluoro-n-butanoic acid (PFBA), perfluoro-n-hexanoic acid (PFHXA), perfluoro-n-octanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluoro-1-octanesulfonate (PFOS), whereas the frequency of detection for other compounds was less than 40%. The spatial distribution and mean concentrations of EDCs in the Klang Valley regions revealed that Hulu Langat, Petaling Jaya, and Putrajaya exhibited higher levels of bisphenol A (BPA). On the other hand, Kuala Lumpur and Sepang displayed the highest mean concentrations of PFBA. In the worst scenario, the estimated daily intake (EDI) and risk quotient of some EDCs in this study exceeded the acceptable daily limits recommended by international standards, particularly for BPA, PFOA, PFOS, and PFNA, where the risk quotient (RQ) was found to be greater than 1, indicating a high risk to human health. The increasing presence of EDCs in tap water is undoubtedly a cause for concern as these substances can have adverse health consequences. This highlights the necessity for a standardised approach to evaluating EDC exposure and its direct impact on human populations' health.
对马来西亚雪兰莪地区的自来水中的九种全氟和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS)、五种双酚和四种对羟基苯甲酸酯进行了多类内分泌干扰化学物质 (EDC) 分析。所有样品均采用液相色谱-串联质谱法 (LC-MS/MS) 进行分析，定量限 (LOQ) 在 0.015 至 5 ng/mL 之间。在自来水中的 18 种 EDC 中有 15 种被检测为阳性，在 61 个采样点的所有位置，总 EDC 浓度范围为 0.28 至 5516 ng/L。在雪兰莪的一个特定区域， Hulu Langat 的 EDC 总浓度最高，其次是 Sepang、Putrajaya、Petaling、Kuala Lumpur、Seremban 和 Gombak/Klang。在所有自来水中，PFAS 和对羟基苯甲酸酯是最常见的 EDC。同时，乙基对羟基苯甲酸酯 (EtP) 的检出率最高，所有地点中有 90.2%都有其存在。超过 60%的地区都有全氟丁烷酸 (PFBA)、全氟己酸 (PFHXA)、全氟辛酸 (PFOA)、全氟壬酸 (PFNA) 和全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS) 的存在，而其他化合物的检出频率则低于 40%。雪兰莪地区 EDC 的空间分布和平均浓度表明， Hulu Langat、Petaling Jaya 和 Putrajaya 的双酚 A (BPA) 含量较高。另一方面，吉隆坡和雪邦的 PFBA 平均浓度最高。在最坏的情况下，本研究中一些 EDC 的估计每日摄入量 (EDI) 和风险商数超过了国际标准建议的可接受日限量，特别是对于 BPA、PFOA、PFOS 和 PFNA，其风险商数 (RQ) 大于 1，表明对人类健康有高风险。自来水中 EDC 的存在不断增加无疑令人担忧，因为这些物质可能对健康产生不良后果。这突显了需要采用标准化方法来评估 EDC 暴露及其对人类健康的直接影响。
