Hartmann Christina, Jamnik Thomas, Weiss Stefan, Göß Martina, Fareed Yasmin, Satrapa Vito, Braun Dominik, Flasch Mira, Warth Benedikt, Uhl Maria
Environment Agency Austria Umweltbundesamt GmbH, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria; Exposome Austria, Research Infrastructure and National EIRENE Hub, Vienna, Austria.
University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2023 Apr;249:114123. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114123. Epub 2023 Feb 3.
In 85 Austrian school children aged 6-10 years, two multi-analyte LC-MS/MS methods were used to study the concentrations of 33 chemical substances in urine, including per- and polyfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS), bisphenols, parabens, benzophenones, triclosan, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites, and cotinine. Each of the children was exposed to 14-21 substances simultaneously. Correlations were found between compounds of the same and of divergent substance groups supporting the strong need to consider multiple exposures and mixture effects. Eight compounds, including perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFOA), methyl paraben (n-MeP), ethyl paraben (n-EtP), propyl paraben (n-PrP), benzophenone-1 (BP-1), 2-naphthol, and 3-hydroxyphenanthrene were detected in all urine samples. In the PFAS group the medians of detectable substances ranged between <0.0005 μg/l for perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and 0.004 μg/l for PFHxA. For other environmental contaminants investigated, a maximum urinary level of 893 μg/l was identified for n-MeP. The highest median value was 2.5 μg/l for 2-naphthol. Daily intakes were calculated for bisphenol A (BPA), triclosan (TCS), and four parabens. These values did not exceed the tolerable or acceptable daily intakes currently in force. Based on a recently proposed TDI for BPA, daily intakes of all children exceeded this value. A cumulative risk assessment was conducted for four parabens not showing exceedances of acceptable exposures. The results demonstrate simultaneous exposure to several different chemicals, with the majority showing impact on the endocrine system being of particular concern with respect to mixture effects. Further assessments with a stronger focus on mixtures are warranted. The results also highlight the need of policy actions as foreseen in the EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability.
在85名6至10岁的奥地利学童中，使用两种多分析物液相色谱-串联质谱法研究尿液中33种化学物质的浓度，包括全氟和多氟烷基化物质（PFAS）、双酚、对羟基苯甲酸酯、二苯甲酮、三氯生、多环芳烃代谢物和可替宁。每个孩子同时接触14至21种物质。在相同和不同物质组的化合物之间发现了相关性，这表明迫切需要考虑多重暴露和混合物效应。在所有尿液样本中均检测到8种化合物，包括全氟己酸（PFHxA）、全氟壬酸（PFOA）、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯（n-MeP）、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯（n-EtP）、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯（n-PrP）、二苯甲酮-1（BP-1）、2-萘酚和3-羟基菲。在PFAS组中，可检测物质的中位数范围为全氟壬酸（PFNA）<0.0005μg/l至PFHxA的0.004μg/l。对于其他研究的环境污染物，n-MeP的最高尿水平为893μg/l。2-萘酚的最高中位数为2.5μg/l。计算了双酚A（BPA）、三氯生（TCS）和四种对羟基苯甲酸酯的每日摄入量。这些值未超过目前有效的每日耐受或可接受摄入量。根据最近提出的BPA每日耐受摄入量（TDI），所有儿童的每日摄入量均超过了该值。对四种对羟基苯甲酸酯进行了累积风险评估，结果显示未超过可接受暴露水平。结果表明，儿童同时接触多种不同化学物质，其中大多数对内分泌系统有影响，尤其在混合物效应方面令人担忧。有必要进一步更专注于混合物的评估。结果还凸显了欧盟可持续发展化学品战略中预见的政策行动的必要性。
