Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Respiratory Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Cytometry A. 2023 Dec;103(12):967-977. doi: 10.1002/cyto.a.24804. Epub 2023 Oct 9.
Hematopoietic stem cells are key players in hematopoiesis as the body maintains a physiologic steady state, and the signaling pathways and control mechanisms of these dynamic cells are implicated in processes from inflammation to cancer. Although the bone marrow is commonly regarded as the site of hematopoiesis and hematopoietic stem cell residence, these cells also circulate in the blood and reside in extramedullary tissues, including the lungs. Flow cytometry is an invaluable tool in evaluating hematopoietic stem cells, revealing their phenotypes and relative abundances in both healthy and diseased states. This review outlines current protocols and cell markers used in flow cytometric analysis of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell populations. Specific niches within the bone marrow are discussed, as are metabolic processes that contribute to stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, as well as the role of hematopoietic stem cells outside of the bone marrow at physiologic steady state. Finally, pulmonary extramedullary hematopoiesis and its associated disease states are outlined. Hematopoiesis in the lungs is a new and emerging concept, and discovering ways in which the study of lung-resident hematopoietic stem cells can be translated from murine models to patients will impact clinical treatment.
造血干细胞是造血过程中的关键参与者，因为身体维持着生理稳态，这些动态细胞的信号通路和控制机制与从炎症到癌症的过程有关。尽管骨髓通常被认为是造血和造血干细胞的所在地，但这些细胞也在血液中循环，并存在于骨髓外组织中，包括肺部。流式细胞术是评估造血干细胞的一种非常有价值的工具，它可以揭示健康和疾病状态下造血干细胞的表型和相对丰度。本综述概述了流式细胞术分析造血干细胞和祖细胞群体中使用的当前方案和细胞标记物。还讨论了骨髓内的特定龛位，以及有助于干细胞自我更新和分化的代谢过程，以及生理稳态下骨髓外造血干细胞的作用。最后，概述了肺部骨髓外造血及其相关疾病状态。肺部的造血是一个新出现的概念，发现将肺部驻留造血干细胞的研究从鼠模型转化为患者的方法将影响临床治疗。
