Buthmann Jessica L, LeMoult Joelle, Miller Jonas G, Berens Anne, Gotlib Ian H
Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Cancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada.
Compr Psychoneuroendocrinol. 2023 Sep 25;16:100211. doi: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2023.100211. eCollection 2023 Nov.
Parenting behaviors are formative to the psychological development of young people; however, parent and adolescent perceptions of parenting are only moderately correlated with each other. Whereas discrepant perceptions may represent a normative process of deindividuation from caregivers in some adolescents, in others a discrepancy might predict psychological maladjustment. The biological sensitivity to context model provides a framework from which individual differences in development can be estimated in adolescents whose perceptions of parenting diverge from those of their parents.
At baseline we obtained diurnal cortisol samples from US adolescents (M = 13.37 years of age, SD = 1.06) as well as parents' and adolescents' ratings of parental warmth; we obtained adolescent-reported symptoms of psychopathology at baseline and again at follow-up two years later (N = 108, 57.5% female). We estimated waking cortisol, cortisol awakening response, and daytime cortisol slopes using piecewise regression models.
Lower adolescent than parent ratings of parental warmth predicted increased externalizing symptoms at follow-up. Higher waking cortisol and steeper cortisol awakening response and daytime slopes predicted increased internalizing symptoms at follow-up. Further, discrepant ratings of parental warmth interacted with cortisol awakening response and daytime slopes such that greater discrepancies predicted greater increases in externalizing symptoms in adolescents with steeper cortisol slopes.
These findings indicate that steeper changes in cortisol production throughout the day index a greater sensitivity to perceived parental warmth. Lower adolescent than parent ratings of parental warmth may represent dysfunction in the parental relationship rather than a normative process of deindividuation in adolescents with steeper diurnal cortisol slopes.
养育行为对青少年的心理发展具有塑造作用；然而，父母与青少年对养育方式的认知仅存在中等程度的相关性。虽然认知差异在一些青少年中可能代表着与照料者个体化的正常过程，但在另一些青少年中，这种差异可能预示着心理适应不良。情境生物敏感性模型提供了一个框架，可据此评估那些对养育方式的认知与父母不同的青少年在发展过程中的个体差异。
在基线阶段，我们采集了美国青少年（平均年龄M = 13.37岁，标准差SD = 1.06）的日间皮质醇样本，以及父母和青少年对父母温暖程度的评分；我们在基线阶段和两年后的随访阶段获取了青少年报告的心理病理学症状（N = 108，57.5%为女性）。我们使用分段回归模型估计清醒时的皮质醇、皮质醇觉醒反应和日间皮质醇斜率。
青少年对父母温暖程度的评分低于父母，这预示着随访时外化症状会增加。清醒时较高的皮质醇水平、较陡的皮质醇觉醒反应和日间斜率预示着随访时内化症状会增加。此外，父母温暖程度的差异评分与皮质醇觉醒反应和日间斜率相互作用，使得差异越大，皮质醇斜率较陡的青少年外化症状增加得越多。
这些发现表明，全天皮质醇分泌的更陡变化表明对感知到的父母温暖更为敏感。青少年对父母温暖程度的评分低于父母，这可能代表着亲子关系功能失调，而非皮质醇日间斜率较陡的青少年个体化的正常过程。
