Alhassan Abdulkareem, Sabzehmeidani Anoush Shabani, Taha Amjad Issa, Haseki Murat Ismet
Department of Economics, Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria.
Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Istinye University, 34396, Istanbul, Turkey.
Heliyon. 2023 Sep 2;9(9):e19571. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19571. eCollection 2023 Sep.
The application of economic and political sanctions becomes a vital tool of international politics to facilitate peaceful coexistence among the nations. However, the issue of the effectiveness of sanctions in creating adequate disutility to ensure compliance remains contentious. Therefore, this study assesses the effect of sanctions on the economic growth of the target states. It captures the diversity of sanctions using system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) with extensive dataset for the period 1970-2018. The findings reveal that extensive, multilateral sanctions, and export restriction are the only sanction categories that are effective in creating disutility and reducing the real income per capita growth when targeted at the developed countries. On the other hand, limited sanctions (partial embargo) - sanctions that are targeted at specific sectors, groups, and issues such as withdrawal of foreign aid, as well as import restrictions can effectively reduce income per capita growth when imposed on developing countries while all other categories of sanctions have a positive effect on income growth in targeted developing economy. Therefore, we, conclude that the sanctions diversity, development level of the target country and sender identity play vital roles concerning the sanctions-economic growth nexus. These attributes should be considered in the application and analyses of sanctions to ensure their effectiveness. The study provided several interesting policy insights.
经济和政治制裁的应用成为国际政治的一项重要工具，以促进各国之间的和平共处。然而，制裁在制造足够的负效用以确保合规方面的有效性问题仍然存在争议。因此，本研究评估制裁对目标国家经济增长的影响。它使用系统广义矩估计法（GMM），并结合1970年至2018年的广泛数据集，来把握制裁的多样性。研究结果表明，广泛的、多边的制裁以及出口限制是仅有的几种在针对发达国家时能有效制造负效用并降低人均实际收入增长的制裁类别。另一方面，有限制裁（部分禁运）——针对特定部门、群体和问题（如撤回外国援助）的制裁以及进口限制，在施加于发展中国家时能够有效降低人均收入增长，而所有其他类别的制裁对目标发展中经济体的收入增长具有积极影响。因此，我们得出结论，制裁的多样性、目标国家的发展水平以及制裁发起方的身份在制裁与经济增长的关系中起着至关重要的作用。在制裁的应用和分析中应考虑这些因素，以确保其有效性。该研究提供了一些有趣的政策见解。
