Meissner Katharina
Department of Political Science, Centre for European Integration Research (EIF), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Rev Int Organ. 2023;18(1):61-85. doi: 10.1007/s11558-022-09458-0. Epub 2022 Feb 24.
Sanctions are among the most widely used foreign policy tools of governments and international organizations in response to national or international wrongdoings. Beyond the dichotomous question of whether to adopt or not to adopt sanctions against a target, decision-makers develop different designs when they impose restrictions: targeted sanctions like asset freezes and travel bans, arms embargoes, or economic sanctions such as financial restrictions and commodity bans. What accounts for this variation in the design of sanctions regimes? This article investigates this question by developing a configurational explanation that combines domestic- and international-level factors for the choice of an economic versus a targeted sanctions design. I test these factors on original data mapping European Union (EU) autonomous sanctions against third countries in force in 2019 through set-theoretic methods. The analysis shows that a militarily strong target's serious misbehavior through grave human rights violations triggers EU action in the form of economic sanctions, however, only in combination with two conditions: first, the EU reacts to a misbehavior through the adoption of an economic design when the United States imposes economic sanctions, too (path 1); second, the salience of a target's conflict triggers an economic design of sanctions in case of grave human rights violations (path 2).
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11558-022-09458-0.
制裁是政府和国际组织为应对国内或国际不当行为而最广泛使用的外交政策工具之一。除了是否对目标实施制裁这一二分问题外，决策者在实施限制措施时会制定不同的方案：有针对性的制裁，如资产冻结和旅行禁令、武器禁运，或经济制裁，如金融限制和商品禁令。制裁制度设计的这种差异是由什么造成的？本文通过提出一种构型解释来研究这个问题，该解释结合了国内和国际层面的因素，以选择经济制裁还是有针对性的制裁设计。我通过集理论方法，在2019年生效的欧盟对第三国自主制裁的原始数据上测试这些因素。分析表明，一个军事强大的目标通过严重侵犯人权的严重不当行为会引发欧盟以经济制裁的形式采取行动，然而，这只有在满足两个条件时才会发生：第一，当美国也实施经济制裁时，欧盟通过采用经济制裁方案来应对不当行为（路径1）；第二，在严重侵犯人权的情况下，目标冲突的突出性会引发制裁的经济设计（路径2）。
在线版本包含可在10.1007/s11558-022-09458-0获取的补充材料。
