Royall Donald R, Palmer Raymond F
Department of Psychiatry, the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States of America.
Department of Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States of America.
Cereb Circ Cogn Behav. 2023 Sep 15;5:100184. doi: 10.1016/j.cccb.2023.100184. eCollection 2023.
Impairments in executive function (EF) are often attributed to ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICVD) and frontal circuit pathology. However, EF can be distinguished from general intelligence and the latter is likely to manifest in "executive" measures. We aimed to distinguish the effects of imaging biomarkers on these constructs.
We tested neuroimaging biomarkers as independent predictors of observed 12 month-prospective cognitive performance by a Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) ( ≅ 1750).
ICVD was associated with ''Organization" (ORG) and "Planning" (PLAN) domain scores from the test of Every Day Cognition. Left anterior cingulate (LAC) atrophy was independently associated with Trail-Making part B and Animal Naming. The MIMIC model had excellent fit and tests additional latent variables i.e., EF and dEF (a latent δ homolog derived from Spearman's general intelligence factor, ). Only dEF was associated with instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). ICVD and LAC were both associated with observed executive measures . ICVD was independently associated with those same measures through EF.
Observed EF is independently determined by multiple factors. The effects of EF-associated MRI biomarkers can be related to disability and dementia only via their effects on Because /δ are unlikely to be located within the frontal lobes, the variance in executive measures may have little to do with either frontal structure or function. Conversely, variance in EF may have little to do with either IADL-impairment or dementia.
执行功能（EF）障碍通常归因于缺血性脑血管疾病（ICVD）和额叶回路病变。然而，EF可与一般智力区分开来，而后者可能在“执行”测量中表现出来。我们旨在区分成像生物标志物对这些结构的影响。
我们通过多指标多原因（MIMIC）模型，在阿尔茨海默病神经影像倡议（ADNI）（约1750例）中测试神经影像生物标志物，作为观察到的12个月前瞻性认知表现的独立预测因子。
ICVD与日常认知测试中的“组织”（ORG）和“计划”（PLAN）领域得分相关。左前扣带回（LAC）萎缩与连线测验B部分和动物命名独立相关。MIMIC模型拟合良好，并测试了其他潜在变量，即EF和dEF（一个从斯皮尔曼一般智力因素衍生的潜在δ同源物）。只有dEF与日常生活工具性活动（IADL）相关。ICVD和LAC均与观察到的执行测量相关。ICVD通过EF与相同测量独立相关。
观察到的EF由多种因素独立决定。与EF相关的MRI生物标志物的影响仅通过它们对 的影响与残疾和痴呆相关。因为 /δ不太可能位于额叶内，执行测量中的 方差可能与额叶结构或功能无关。相反，EF中的 方差可能与IADL损伤或痴呆无关。
