Crosland Helena, Brooks Amy, Hackett Michael, Witt Johannes, Preuss Thomas G
Cambridge Environmental Assessments (CEA), Cambridge, UK.
Bayer AG Research & Development, Monheim, Germany.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2024 Jul;20(4):1125-1139. doi: 10.1002/ieam.4850. Epub 2023 Nov 7.
Under current European Union regulation, the risks to aquatic organisms must be assessed for uses of plant protection products (PPPs) that may result in exposure to the environment. For herbicidal PPPs, aquatic macrophytes are often the most sensitive taxa. For some herbicidal modes of action, macrophytes may be affected only while they are actively growing. For the risk assessment, it is therefore useful to know whether application timings would result in surface water exposure during periods when aquatic macrophytes are actively growing (therefore potentially resulting in effects). Toxicity endpoints, which are based on studies with active growth, may be overconservative in cases where exposure of PPPs will not co-occur with active macrophyte growth. A comprehensive literature search was performed, using systematic and manual approaches, with the aim of identifying the main active growth period for macrophytes in natural freshwater bodies in climates relevant to the Central and Northern zones of the European Union. The results of the searches were screened initially to identify all potentially relevant references, for which a full evaluation was then performed. Reliability was assessed using the principles of the Klimisch scoring system. As part of the full evaluation, growth periods were identified for each macrophyte species studied. Finally, the extracted growth periods were considered together to determine an overall active growth period for aquatic macrophytes representative of the Central and Northern EU zones. Based on this literature review, the active growth period identified for most aquatic macrophyte species representative of the Central and Northern EU zones is April to September. Relating to the regulatory implication of these results, it may be possible to conclude a low risk for aquatic macrophytes if the predicted surface water exposure period for certain PPPs is demonstrated to be outside the periods of active growth. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1125-1139. © 2023 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
根据欧盟现行法规，对于可能导致环境暴露的植物保护产品（PPP）的使用，必须评估其对水生生物的风险。对于除草用的PPP，水生大型植物通常是最敏感的分类群。对于某些除草作用方式，大型植物可能仅在其活跃生长时受到影响。因此，对于风险评估而言，了解施药时间是否会导致在水生大型植物活跃生长期间（从而可能产生影响）地表水暴露是很有用的。基于活跃生长研究的毒性终点，在PPP暴露不会与大型植物活跃生长同时发生的情况下，可能会过于保守。采用系统和人工方法进行了全面的文献检索，目的是确定与欧盟中部和北部地区气候相关的天然淡水水体中大型植物的主要活跃生长时期。检索结果首先进行筛选，以确定所有潜在相关参考文献，然后对其进行全面评估。使用Klimisch评分系统的原则评估可靠性。作为全面评估的一部分，确定了所研究的每个大型植物物种的生长时期。最后，综合考虑提取的生长时期，以确定代表欧盟中部和北部地区的水生大型植物的总体活跃生长时期。基于这一文献综述，代表欧盟中部和北部地区的大多数水生大型植物物种的活跃生长时期为4月至9月。关于这些结果的监管意义，如果证明某些PPP的预测地表水暴露期在活跃生长时期之外，则可能得出对水生大型植物风险较低的结论。《综合环境评估与管理》2024年；20:1125 - 1139。© 2023作者。《综合环境评估与管理》由Wiley Periodicals LLC代表环境毒理学与化学学会（SETAC）出版。
