Santos Gustavo Souza, Casallanovo Fábio, Scorza Júnior Rômulo Penna, Daam Michiel A, Cione Ana Paola
Syngenta Proteção de Cultivos Ltda, São Paulo, Brazil.
Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Dourados, Brazil.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2024 Sep;20(5):1514-1528. doi: 10.1002/ieam.4931. Epub 2024 Apr 17.
Aquatic risk assessment is essential to guarantee the sustainable use of pesticides and the conservation of water resources near agricultural fields. This article discusses a proposal for a tiered regulatory framework for the aquatic risk assessment of pesticides in Brazil. The first step is problem formulation, which includes establishing general and specific protection goals. In the exposure assessment, the Estimated Environmental Concentrations in water should be calculated based on realistic worst-case assumptions regarding application rate and frequency, the entry into the edge-of-field water body, and fate in the water body, using scenario-dependent models suggested by the Brazilian Environmental Agency. These calculations can be refined by including Efate studies with variable exposures to reflect realistic environmental conditions accurately and include mitigation measures that impact the modeling. In the hazard assessment, ecotoxicological data for toxicity to fish, aquatic invertebrates, algae, and aquatic plants should be required for all pesticides based on standardized protocols and species. Tier 2 has several refinement options, including incorporating toxicity data from additional test species and effect modeling. In Tier 3, population- and community-level effects are evaluated using semi-field studies. Considering the case study in Brazil, Tier 1 demonstrated that, from the 12 pesticides that were assessed, seven (58%) failed based on the value of the Risk Quotient. In Tier 2, when exposure refinement options and mitigation measures such as buffer zones are considered, all seven pesticides, for which Tier 1 indicated risk, still failed the assessment. The risk for four of these seven pesticides could be refined by considering toxicity information from additional species. Refinement options and mitigation measures that could be applied to the agricultural scenario in Brazil were discussed. In conclusion, the proposed tiered risk assessment is a feasible way to evaluate whether a pesticide will pose an unacceptable risk to aquatic organisms. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1514-1528. © 2024 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
水生风险评估对于确保农药的可持续使用以及保护农田附近的水资源至关重要。本文讨论了巴西农药水生风险评估分层监管框架的一项提案。第一步是问题设定，包括确立总体和具体的保护目标。在暴露评估中，应根据巴西环境局建议的情景依赖模型，基于施用量和频率、进入农田边缘水体以及水体中的归宿等实际最坏情况假设，计算水中的估计环境浓度。通过纳入不同暴露水平的Efate研究以准确反映实际环境条件，并纳入影响建模的缓解措施，可对这些计算进行细化。在危害评估中，应根据标准化方案和物种，要求提供所有农药对鱼类、水生无脊椎动物、藻类和水生植物的毒性生态毒理学数据。第2层有多种细化选项，包括纳入其他测试物种的毒性数据和效应建模。在第3层，使用半田间研究评估种群和群落水平的影响。考虑巴西的案例研究，第1层表明，在所评估的12种农药中，有7种（58%）基于风险商值未能通过评估。在第2层，当考虑暴露细化选项和缓冲带等缓解措施时，第1层表明有风险的所有7种农药仍未通过评估。通过考虑其他物种的毒性信息，这7种农药中的4种风险可得到细化。讨论了可应用于巴西农业情景的细化选项和缓解措施。总之，所提议的分层风险评估是评估农药是否会对水生生物造成不可接受风险的一种可行方法。《综合环境评估与管理》2024年；20:1514 - 1528。© 2024作者。《综合环境评估与管理》由威利期刊有限责任公司代表环境毒理学与化学学会（SETAC）出版。
