Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Khomeini and Mohammad Kermanshahi and Farabi Hospitals, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2023 Jan-Dec;22:15330338231205999. doi: 10.1177/15330338231205999.
A significant number of cancer-related deaths are recorded globally each year, despite attempts to cure this illness. Medical science is working to develop new medication therapies as well as to find ways to identify this illness as early as possible, even using noninvasive techniques. Early detection of cancer can greatly aid its treatment. Studies into cancer diagnosis and therapy have recently shifted their focus to exosome (EXO) biomarkers, which comprise numerous RNA and proteins. EXOs are minuscule goblet vesicles that have a width of 30 to 140 nm and are released by a variety of cells, including immune, stem, and tumor cells, as well as bodily fluids. According to a growing body of research, EXOs, and cancer appear to be related. EXOs from tumors play a role in the genetic information transfer between tumor and basal cells, which controls angiogenesis and fosters tumor development and spread. To identify malignant activities early on, microRNAs (miRNAs) from cancers can be extracted from circulatory system EXOs. Specific markers can be used to identify cancer-derived EXOs containing miRNAs, which may be more reliable and precise for early detection. Conventional solid biopsy has become increasingly limited as precision and personalized medicine has advanced, while liquid biopsy offers a viable platform for noninvasive diagnosis and prognosis. Therefore, the use of body fluids such as serum, plasma, urine, and salivary secretions can help find cancer biomarkers using technologies related to EXOs.
尽管医学领域一直在努力寻找癌症的治疗方法，但每年仍有大量与癌症相关的死亡病例被记录在案。医学科学正在努力开发新的药物治疗方法，并寻找尽早发现这种疾病的方法，甚至使用非侵入性技术。早期发现癌症可以极大地帮助治疗。癌症诊断和治疗的研究最近将重点转移到外泌体（EXO）生物标志物上，这些标志物包含大量的 RNA 和蛋白质。EXO 是微小的杯状囊泡，宽度为 30 至 140nm，由多种细胞释放，包括免疫细胞、干细胞和肿瘤细胞以及体液。越来越多的研究表明，EXO 和癌症似乎存在关联。肿瘤来源的 EXO 在肿瘤和基底细胞之间的遗传信息传递中发挥作用，控制着血管生成，并促进肿瘤的发展和扩散。为了尽早识别恶性活动，可以从循环系统 EXO 中提取癌症的 microRNAs（miRNAs）。可以使用特定的标记物来识别含有 miRNA 的癌症衍生的 EXO，这可能对早期检测更可靠和更准确。随着精准医学和个性化医学的发展，传统的实体组织活检变得越来越有限，而液体活检为非侵入性诊断和预后提供了可行的平台。因此，使用血清、血浆、尿液和唾液等体液可以通过与 EXO 相关的技术帮助寻找癌症生物标志物。
