Singh Yogita, Sharma Sudhir, Kumar Upendra, Sihag Pooja, Balyan Priyanka, Singh Krishna Pal, Dhankher Om Parkash
Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India.
Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Jan 1;906:167714. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167714. Epub 2023 Oct 12.
Rice straw management, along with the prevalent practice of residue burning, poses multifaceted challenges with substantial environmental and human health implications. After harvest, a considerable amount of straw is left behind, often disposed of through burning, releasing several pollutants into the environment. Carbon dioxide (CO) dominates at 70%, accompanied by methane (CH) at 0.66%, carbon monoxide (CO) at 7%, and nitrous oxide (NO) at 2.09%. This process further compounds issues by depleting soil nutrients like nitrogen and organic matter. This review focuses on strategies for residue management and using straw as value-added by-products. We address research gaps and offer potential recommendations for rice straw management using economically feasible and practical routes. We elaborate that to improve rice straw digestibility, utilization in mushroom cultivation, and other value-added products, low silica (Si) rice varieties must be developed using modern technologies including marker-assisted selection breeding or genome editing. Developing low Si rice could also reduce arsenic uptake by rice, as rice plants use the same transporters for the uptake of both elements. Conversely, silica is also indispensable for quality rice production; hence, optimizing silicon content in rice is worth investigating. More research is required to understand the extent of silicon's effect on the utilization of straw for various purposes. This review also discusses the importance of educating farmers about the straw burning issue and its environmental consequences. We highlight the significance of tailoring rice straw management methods to local suitability, moving away from a universal approach. More extension work is needed to encourage farmers to opt for environmentally and economically sound options for rice straw management. Policy intervention to incentivize farmers and develop technologies for the widespread use of rice straw for various industries and product development could help in the management of rice straw and will also create a circular economy.
稻草管理，连同普遍存在的秸秆焚烧做法，带来了多方面的挑战，对环境和人类健康有着重大影响。收获后，会留下大量稻草，通常通过焚烧处理，向环境中释放多种污染物。二氧化碳（CO）占比70%，居主导地位，甲烷（CH）占0.66%，一氧化碳（CO）占7%，一氧化二氮（NO）占2.09%。这个过程还会因消耗土壤中的氮和有机质等养分而使问题进一步复杂化。本综述聚焦于秸秆管理策略以及将稻草用作增值副产品。我们探讨了研究空白，并就采用经济可行且切实可行的途径进行稻草管理提出了潜在建议。我们详细阐述，为提高稻草的消化率、在蘑菇种植及其他增值产品中的利用率，必须利用包括标记辅助选择育种或基因组编辑等现代技术培育低硅（Si）水稻品种。培育低硅水稻还可减少水稻对砷的吸收，因为水稻植株吸收这两种元素使用的是相同的转运蛋白。相反，硅对于优质水稻生产也是不可或缺的；因此，优化水稻中的硅含量值得研究。需要开展更多研究来了解硅对稻草用于各种用途的利用程度的影响。本综述还讨论了向农民宣传秸秆焚烧问题及其环境后果的重要性。我们强调根据当地适宜性调整稻草管理方法的重要性，摒弃通用方法。需要开展更多推广工作，鼓励农民选择对环境和经济都有利的稻草管理方案。通过政策干预激励农民并开发技术，以广泛将稻草用于各行业和产品开发，这有助于稻草管理，还将创造循环经济。
