Farinha José Paulo Sequeira
Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
Polymers (Basel). 2023 Sep 29;15(19):3935. doi: 10.3390/polym15193935.
This review covers strategies to prepare high-performance emissive polymer nanomaterials, combining very high brightness and photostability, to respond to the drive for better imaging quality and lower detection limits in fluorescence imaging and sensing applications. The more common approaches to obtaining high-brightness nanomaterials consist of designing polymer nanomaterials carrying a large number of fluorescent dyes, either by attaching the dyes to individual polymer chains or by encapsulating the dyes in nanoparticles. In both cases, the dyes can be covalently linked to the polymer during polymerization (by using monomers functionalized with fluorescent groups), or they can be incorporated post-synthesis, using polymers with reactive groups, or encapsulating the unmodified dyes. Silica nanoparticles in particular, obtained by the condensation polymerization of silicon alcoxides, provide highly crosslinked environments that protect the dyes from photodegradation and offer excellent chemical modification flexibility. An alternative and less explored strategy is to increase the brightness of each individual dye. This can be achieved by using nanostructures that couple dyes to plasmonic nanoparticles so that the plasmon resonance can act as an electromagnetic field concentrator to increase the dye excitation efficiency and/or interact with the dye to increase its emission quantum yield.
本综述涵盖了制备高性能发光聚合物纳米材料的策略，这些材料兼具非常高的亮度和光稳定性，以响应荧光成像和传感应用中对更好成像质量和更低检测限的需求。获得高亮度纳米材料的更常见方法包括设计携带大量荧光染料的聚合物纳米材料，方法是将染料附着到单个聚合物链上，或者将染料封装在纳米颗粒中。在这两种情况下，染料可以在聚合过程中与聚合物共价连接（通过使用带有荧光基团官能化的单体），或者它们可以在合成后引入，使用带有反应性基团的聚合物，或者封装未改性的染料。特别是通过硅醇盐缩聚得到的二氧化硅纳米颗粒，提供了高度交联的环境，可保护染料免受光降解，并具有出色的化学修饰灵活性。另一种较少探索的策略是提高每个单独染料的亮度。这可以通过使用将染料与等离子体纳米颗粒耦合的纳米结构来实现，这样等离子体共振可以作为电磁场集中器来提高染料的激发效率和/或与染料相互作用以提高其发射量子产率。
