Li Wenhao, Zeng Weike, Zhang Yanping, Ma Zhijie, Fang Xingyan, Han Yingcang, Sun Yonggang, Jin Xiayang, Ma Liuyin
Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Qinghai University, Xining, China.
Center for Genomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
Front Vet Sci. 2023 Sep 29;10:1207950. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1207950. eCollection 2023.
Yaks are tough animals living in Tibet's hypoxic stress environment. However, the metabolite composition of yak milk and its role in hypoxic stress tolerance remains largely unexplored. The similarities and differences between yak and human milk in hypoxic stress tolerance are also unclear. This study explored yak colostrum (YC) and yak mature milk (YMM) using GC-MS, and 354 metabolites were identified in yak milk. A comparative metabolomic analysis of yak and human milk metabolites showed that over 70% of metabolites were species-specific. Yak milk relies mainly on essential amino acids- arginine and essential branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs): L-isoleucine, L-leucine, and L-valine tolerate hypoxic stress. To slow hypoxic stress, human breast milk relies primarily on the neuroprotective effects of non-essential amino acids or derivates, such as citrulline, sarcosine, and creatine. In addition, metabolites related to hypoxic stress were significantly enriched in YC than in YMM. These results reveal the unique metabolite composition of yak and human milk and provide practical information for applying yak and human milk to hypoxic stress tolerance.
牦牛是生活在西藏低氧应激环境中的耐寒动物。然而，牦牛奶的代谢物组成及其在低氧应激耐受性中的作用在很大程度上仍未得到探索。牦牛和人乳在低氧应激耐受性方面的异同也尚不清楚。本研究采用气相色谱 - 质谱联用技术对牦牛初乳（YC）和牦牛成熟乳（YMM）进行了分析，共鉴定出354种牦牛奶中的代谢物。对牦牛和人乳代谢物的比较代谢组学分析表明，超过70%的代谢物具有物种特异性。牦牛奶主要依靠必需氨基酸——精氨酸和必需支链氨基酸（BCAAs）：L - 异亮氨酸、L - 亮氨酸和L - 缬氨酸来耐受低氧应激。为了缓解低氧应激，人乳主要依靠非必需氨基酸或其衍生物（如瓜氨酸、肌氨酸和肌酸）的神经保护作用。此外，与低氧应激相关的代谢物在YC中比在YMM中显著富集。这些结果揭示了牦牛和人乳独特的代谢物组成，并为将牦牛和人乳应用于低氧应激耐受性提供了实用信息。
