Wang Yunduan, Lan Daoliang, Beng Shaohui, Liu Shunyang, Mu Xueer, Chen Kechao, Li Yueyue, Xu Meng, Li Jian, Fu Wei
College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest Minzu University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China.
Food Chem X. 2025 Jun 2;28:102614. doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102614. eCollection 2025 May.
Yak milk's stage-specific metabolic profiles remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, yak colostrum (YC) was found to contain higher levels of essential components (e.g., milk fat, lactose, lactoprotein and non-fat solids) than transitional (YT) and mature milk (YM). A comprehensive untargeted profiling was conducted using UHPLC-Q Exactive HF-X to investigate the metabolic signatures of YC, YT and YM. A total of 2005 metabolites were identified. Metabolites enriched in YC were implicated in promoting intestinal microbiota colonization and supporting neonatal immune defense and neurodevelopment. In contrast, YM exhibited a metabolomic profile associated with sustained energy metabolism and the maturation of adaptive immune responses. YT exhibited a hybrid profile containing select bioactives characteristic of both YC and YM stages. Metabolites in YC and YT showed dynamic changes associated with circadian rhythm regulation and cognitive function under high-altitude hypoxia. This study reveals lactation-stage dynamics and supports functional development of yak milk products.
牦牛乳特定阶段的代谢谱在很大程度上仍未得到充分表征。在本研究中，发现牦牛初乳（YC）中必需成分（如乳脂肪、乳糖、乳蛋白和非脂固体）的含量高于过渡乳（YT）和成熟乳（YM）。使用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-轨道阱高分辨质谱仪（UHPLC-Q Exactive HF-X）进行了全面的非靶向分析，以研究YC、YT和YM的代谢特征。共鉴定出2005种代谢物。富集于YC中的代谢物与促进肠道微生物群定殖以及支持新生儿免疫防御和神经发育有关。相比之下，YM表现出与持续能量代谢和适应性免疫反应成熟相关的代谢组学特征。YT呈现出一种混合特征，包含YC和YM阶段特有的某些生物活性成分。在高海拔缺氧条件下，YC和YT中的代谢物显示出与昼夜节律调节和认知功能相关的动态变化。本研究揭示了泌乳阶段的动态变化，并为牦牛乳制品的功能开发提供了支持。
