Relationship between swimming speed, intra-cycle variation of horizontal speed, and Froude efficiency during consecutive stroke cycles in adolescent swimmers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between swimming speed, intra-cycle variation of horizontal speed of displacement (), and Froude efficiency (η) in front-crawl during three consecutive stroke cycles. The sample consisted of 15 boys aged 16.07 ± 0.77 years and 15 girls aged 15.05 ± 1.07 years. Swimming speed, and η were measured during a 25 m front-crawl trial. Three consecutive stroke cycles were measured. Swimming speed showed a non-significant stroke-by-stroke effect (F = 2.55, = 0.087, η = 0.08), but a significant sex effect (F = 90.46, < 0.001, η = 0.76). The and η had the same trend as the swimming speed for the stroke-by-stroke effect, but a non-significant sex effect ( > 0.05). The Spearman correlation matrix between swimming speed and , and swimming speed and η showed non-significant correlations for the three stroke cycles in both sexes. However, the tendency of the former was not always inverse, and the latter was not always direct. Coaches and swimmers need to be aware that lower s are not always associated with faster swimming speeds and , and that η is a predictor of swimming speed, not .