Faculty of Economics, CeBER, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Nov;30(53):114336-114357. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-30385-z. Epub 2023 Oct 20.
In the framework of an environmental Kuznets curve, the linkage between shadow economy and carbon dioxide (CO) emissions was evaluated for 145 countries from 1991 to 2017. In assessing the effect of the shadow economy on CO emissions, we used panel quantile regression, panel fixed effects, and panel smooth transition regression as estimation methods. In addition, to deal with parameter heterogeneity, we resorted to the procedure of Lin and Ng (2012). We found two country groups that share homogeneous parameters. No environmental Kuznets curve was found for the set of all countries. Nevertheless, one was found for each of the homogeneous parameter country groups. This result supports different turning points for different groups of countries. Shadow economy contributed to reducing CO emissions in group 1 and aggravated it in group 2. Manufacturing was revealed to be statistically significant for the countries of group 1. Fossil fuel rents increased the CO emissions, mainly in group 2. Urbanization contributed to the hike of CO emissions in both country groups but much more intensely for group 1. Evidence of a tendency for decreasing CO2 emissions was also found, reflecting the efficiency gains over time.
在环境库兹涅茨曲线的框架下，评估了 1991 年至 2017 年间 145 个国家的影子经济与二氧化碳（CO）排放之间的联系。在评估影子经济对 CO 排放的影响时，我们使用了面板分位数回归、面板固定效应和面板平滑转移回归作为估计方法。此外，为了处理参数异质性，我们采用了 Lin 和 Ng（2012）的程序。我们发现了两个具有同质参数的国家群体。对于所有国家的集合，没有发现环境库兹涅茨曲线。然而，对于同质参数国家群体中的每一个，都发现了一个。这一结果支持了不同国家群体的不同转折点。影子经济有助于减少第一组国家的 CO 排放，而在第二组国家中则加剧了 CO 排放。制造业对第一组国家具有统计学意义。化石燃料租金增加了 CO 排放，主要是在第二组国家。城市化对两个国家群体的 CO 排放都有贡献，但对第一组国家的影响更为强烈。还发现了 CO2 排放呈下降趋势的证据，反映了随着时间的推移效率的提高。
