Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Nat Commun. 2023 Oct 24;14(1):6560. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42317-z.
Canonical sexual reproduction among basidiomycete fungi involves the fusion of two haploid individuals of different mating types, resulting in a heterokaryotic mycelial body made up of genetically different nuclei. Using population genomics data and experiments, we discover mushrooms of the invasive and deadly Amanita phalloides can also be homokaryotic; evidence of sexual reproduction by single, unmated individuals. In California, genotypes of homokaryotic mushrooms are also found in heterokaryotic mushrooms, implying nuclei of homokaryotic mycelia are also involved in outcrossing. We find death cap mating is controlled by a single mating type locus, but the development of homokaryotic mushrooms appears to bypass mating type gene control. Ultimately, sporulation is enabled by nuclei able to reproduce alone as well as with others, and nuclei competent for both unisexuality and bisexuality have persisted in invaded habitats for at least 17 but potentially as long as 30 years. The diverse reproductive strategies of invasive death caps are likely facilitating its rapid spread, suggesting a profound similarity between plant, animal and fungal invasions.
担子菌真菌的典型有性生殖涉及两个不同交配型的单倍体个体的融合，从而形成由遗传上不同的核组成的异核菌丝体。利用群体基因组学数据和实验，我们发现入侵性和致命的鳞柄白毒伞蘑菇也可以是同核的；这表明单个未交配的个体也可以进行有性生殖。在加利福尼亚州，同核蘑菇的基因型也存在于异核蘑菇中，这意味着同核菌丝体的核也参与了杂交。我们发现死亡帽的交配由单个交配型基因座控制，但同核蘑菇的发育似乎绕过了交配型基因控制。最终，通过能够单独繁殖和与其他核繁殖的核来实现孢子形成，并且能够进行单性生殖和两性生殖的核在入侵栖息地中至少存在了 17 年，可能长达 30 年。入侵性死亡帽的多样化繁殖策略可能促进了其快速传播，这表明植物、动物和真菌入侵之间存在着深刻的相似性。
