Glick Virginia J, Power Michael L
Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
Am J Primatol. 2024 Jan;86(1):e23570. doi: 10.1002/ajp.23570. Epub 2023 Oct 25.
Milk composition is a fundamental aspect of mammalian reproduction. Differences in milk composition between species may reflect phylogeny, dietary ecology, lactation strategy, and infant growth patterns, but may also vary within a species due to maternal body condition. This study presents the first published data on milk macronutrient composition of southern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) and compares the results with data on two other Cercopithecine species. Milk samples were obtained from five dams at 10- and 14-weeks postparturition. Macronutrient composition was determined at the Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute using proven methods developed over 30 years. On average (±SEM), the milk contained 83.9 ± 0.4% water, 6.7 ± 0.4% fat, 7.6 ± 0.1% sugar, 1.8 ± 0.1% protein, and 0.22 ± 0.01% mineral content. The Ca:P ratio was 1.8; concentrations of Ca and protein were correlated. Mean gross energy was 1.02 ± 0.03 kcal/g with most of the energy coming from fat (59.6 ± 1.5%), followed by sugar (29.9 ± 1.4%) and protein (10.5 ± 0.5%). The milks at 14 weeks of infant age were higher in energy than the milks at 10 weeks, with an increase in energy from fat (p = 0.005) and decrease in energy from sugar (p = 0.018). The energy from protein did not change (p = 0.272). Compared to captive rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) and olive baboon (Papio anubis) milk assayed by identical methods, captive pig-tailed macaque milk was higher in energy, but after accounting for the higher milk energy there was no difference in the proportions of milk energy from protein, fat, and sugar. The captive pig-tailed dams were significantly heavier than reported values for wild pig-tailed macaques, suggesting high body condition. High body condition in captive Cercopithecines appears to result in milk higher in energy, with more energy coming from fat and less from sugar. However, variation in the proportion of milk energy from protein in captive Cercopithecine milks appears relatively constrained.
乳汁成分是哺乳动物繁殖的一个基本方面。不同物种间乳汁成分的差异可能反映了系统发育、饮食生态学、泌乳策略和幼崽生长模式，但在同一物种内也可能因母体身体状况而有所不同。本研究首次公布了南豚尾猕猴（食蟹猴）乳汁常量营养素成分的数据，并将结果与另外两种猕猴科物种的数据进行了比较。在产后10周和14周从5只母猴采集了乳汁样本。使用30多年来开发的成熟方法，在美国史密森尼国家动物园和保护生物学研究所测定了常量营养素成分。平均而言（±标准误），乳汁含有83.9±0.4%的水、6.7±0.4%的脂肪、7.6±0.1%的糖、1.8±0.1%的蛋白质和0.22±0.01%的矿物质含量。钙磷比为1.8；钙和蛋白质的浓度相关。平均总能量为1.02±0.03千卡/克，大部分能量来自脂肪（59.6±1.5%），其次是糖（29.9±1.4%）和蛋白质（10.5±0.5%）。幼崽14周龄时的乳汁能量高于10周龄时的乳汁，脂肪提供的能量增加（p = 0.005），糖提供的能量减少（p = 0.018）。蛋白质提供的能量没有变化（p = 0.272）。与用相同方法测定的圈养恒河猴（猕猴）和东非狒狒（埃及狒狒）的乳汁相比，圈养豚尾猕猴的乳汁能量更高，但在考虑到较高的乳汁能量后，蛋白质、脂肪和糖在乳汁能量中所占的比例没有差异。圈养的豚尾母猴明显比野生豚尾猕猴的报告体重更重，表明身体状况良好。圈养猕猴身体状况良好似乎会导致乳汁能量更高，更多能量来自脂肪，更少能量来自糖。然而，圈养猕猴乳汁中蛋白质提供的能量比例的变化似乎相对受限。
