Hærvig Katia Keglberg, Petersen Kajsa Ugelvig, Dornfeldt Mette Møller, Bonde Jens Peter, Hougaard Karin Sørig, Ramlau-Hansen Cecilia Høst, Toft Gunnar, Lindh Christian, Giwercman Aleksander, Tøttenborg Sandra Søgaard
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Aarhus C, Denmark.
Andrology. 2025 Jan;13(1):82-88. doi: 10.1111/andr.13550. Epub 2023 Oct 26.
Growing evidence suggests intergenerational effects of paternal pre-conceptional smoking through the germ line, but its specific impact on offspring semen quality remains uncertain because of challenges in isolating paternal exposure from maternal passive smoking or underreporting.
We reran previous analyses estimating differences in semen parameters and testicular size according to paternal smoking in 867 young adult men, adding first-trimester maternal plasma cotinine to the original adjustment for maternal self-reported smoking. We also estimated differences in sperm DNA fragmentation. Paternal smoking was reported by the pregnant women around gestational week 16. Analyses were additionally adjusted for household occupational status, parental ages at birth, maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and alcohol consumption, and abstinence time, and accounted for spillage, minutes from ejaculation to analysis, and son's own smoking.
We found no association between paternal preconceptional smoking and any of the semen parameters or testicular size. Adjustment for son's own smoking did not change results.
While maternal plasma cotinine offers an objective measure of tobacco exposure and allows for a more thorough adjustment of maternal smoking, the high correlation between paternal pre-conceptional smoking and maternal cotinine exposure may, have resulted in overadjustment removing some paternal effect. Inability to distinguish between paternal never smokers and former smokers, may have led to misclassification of paternal pre-conceptional smoking and underestimation of associations.
We found no support for an independent association between paternal pre-conceptional smoking and semen quality in young adult sons, but studies with more detailed paternal smoking history are needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.
越来越多的证据表明，父亲孕前吸烟通过生殖细胞产生代际影响，但其对后代精液质量的具体影响仍不确定，因为在区分父亲暴露与母亲被动吸烟或漏报方面存在挑战。
我们重新分析了之前对867名年轻成年男性根据父亲吸烟情况估计精液参数和睾丸大小差异的分析，在对母亲自我报告吸烟情况的原始调整基础上增加了孕早期母亲血浆可替宁。我们还估计了精子DNA碎片化的差异。父亲吸烟情况由孕妇在妊娠第16周左右报告。分析还进一步调整了家庭职业状况、父母生育时的年龄、母亲孕前体重指数和饮酒量以及禁欲时间，并考虑了溢出、射精到分析的时间以及儿子自己的吸烟情况。
我们发现父亲孕前吸烟与任何精液参数或睾丸大小之间均无关联。对儿子自己吸烟情况的调整并未改变结果。
虽然母亲血浆可替宁提供了烟草暴露的客观测量方法，并允许对母亲吸烟情况进行更全面的调整，但父亲孕前吸烟与母亲可替宁暴露之间的高度相关性可能导致过度调整，消除了一些父亲的影响。无法区分父亲从不吸烟者和曾经吸烟者，可能导致对父亲孕前吸烟的错误分类以及对关联的低估。
我们没有发现父亲孕前吸烟与年轻成年儿子精液质量之间存在独立关联的证据，但在得出确切结论之前，需要进行更详细的父亲吸烟史研究。
