Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg & Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Andrology. 2020 Sep;8(5):1117-1125. doi: 10.1111/andr.12782. Epub 2020 Mar 24.
The negative impact of maternal smoking during pregnancy on offspring semen quality is well established. Less is known about the impact of paternal smoking.
We estimated differences in semen parameters and testicle size according to paternal smoking in 772 adult sons of women enrolled in the Danish National Birth Cohort when pregnant. Parents' smoking was reported around gestational week 16, and analyses were adjusted for parents' ages at conception, maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, maternal alcohol and caffeine intake, family occupational status, ejaculatory abstinence time, clinic of semen analysis, and season.
Sons of smoking fathers and non-smoking mothers had a 10% (95% confidence interval: -24%, 7%) lower semen concentration and 11% (95% confidence interval: -27%, 8%) lower sperm count than sons of non-smoking parents. Having two smoking parents was associated with 19% reduction in sperm count (95% confidence interval: -37%, 3%). Paternal smoking was not associated with volume, motility, or morphology. Adjusting for maternal smoking, paternal smoking was associated with a 26% increased risk of small testicular volume (95% confidence interval: 0.89, 1.78).
Exclusion of sons with a history of testicular cancer, chemotherapy, orchiectomy, and with only one or no testicles may have caused us to underestimate associations if these men's reproductive health including semen quality are in fact more sensitive to paternal smoking.
The study provides limited support for slightly lower sperm concentration and total sperm concentration in sons of smoking fathers, but findings are also compatible with no association.
孕期母亲吸烟对后代精液质量的负面影响已得到充分证实。然而，关于父亲吸烟的影响知之甚少。
我们在丹麦全国出生队列中，对 772 名女性在怀孕期间所生育的成年儿子进行了研究，根据父亲吸烟情况，评估了精液参数和睾丸大小的差异。父母的吸烟情况在妊娠第 16 周左右报告，分析结果根据父母受孕时的年龄、母亲孕前体重指数、母亲酒精和咖啡因摄入量、家庭职业状况、射精禁欲时间、精液分析诊所和季节进行了调整。
与非吸烟父母的儿子相比，吸烟父亲和非吸烟母亲的儿子精液浓度低 10%（95%置信区间：-24%，7%），精子数低 11%（95%置信区间：-27%，8%）。有两个吸烟父母的儿子精子数减少 19%（95%置信区间：-37%，3%）。父亲吸烟与精液量、活力或形态无关。调整母亲吸烟情况后，父亲吸烟与睾丸体积小的风险增加 26%相关（95%置信区间：0.89，1.78）。
如果这些男性的生殖健康（包括精液质量）实际上对父亲吸烟更为敏感，那么排除有睾丸癌病史、化疗、睾丸切除术、只有一个或没有睾丸的儿子，可能会导致我们低估这些关联。
该研究为父亲吸烟的儿子精子浓度和总精子浓度略低提供了有限的支持，但也与无关联的结果一致。
