儿童的能量摄入通常会随着膳食的能量密度而增加，但也会因所提供的食物数量和种类而有所不同。
Children's Energy Intake Generally Increases in Response to the Energy Density of Meals but Varies with the Amounts and Types of Foods Served.
机构信息
Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
出版信息
Am J Clin Nutr. 2024 Jan;119(1):185-195. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.10.019. Epub 2023 Oct 27.
BACKGROUND
Food energy density (ED; kcal/g) is positively related to energy intake in numerous studies. A recent secondary analysis proposed that when the ED of consumed food is above a breakpoint, adults sense calories and adjust meal size to minimize overconsumption.
OBJECTIVES
We conducted a secondary analysis of measured intakes in preschool children to assess how meal energy intake was related to meal ED as well as to meal portions, eating occasions, and menus.
METHODS
We analyzed weighed intakes from 6355 meals served to 94 children aged 3 to 5 y in 2 randomized crossover trials. We provided children with all their daily food and milk for multiple periods of 5 consecutive days in their usual childcare setting. We used linear mixed models with repeated measures to analyze the effects on energy intake of meal ED and meal weight, either as served or as consumed.
RESULTS
Energy intake at meals was related to the ED and portions of served food and also to the ED and weight of consumed food (all P < 0.0001). Energy intake was also significantly affected by the eating occasion and the foods served on the menus. Children selectively ate higher-ED items, which were served in smaller amounts than lower-ED options. Meal energy intake was curvilinear across consumed ED; it initially increased (slope: 113 ± 2 kcal/ED unit) but decreased at higher-ED meals (deceleration: -11 ± 1 kcal/ED unit) without evidence of a clear breakpoint. This trajectory may be attributable to the relatively limited portions of higher-ED foods that were served.
CONCLUSIONS
Children's energy intake generally increased with greater ED; at higher-ED meals, however, energy intake decreased in a curvilinear manner without a clear breakpoint. This reduction in intake at higher ED could be explained by meal-related factors such as the portions served rather than by sensitivity to meal energy content. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03010501 and NCT03242863.
背景
在众多研究中，食物能量密度（ED；千卡/克）与能量摄入呈正相关。最近的一项二次分析提出，当所消耗食物的 ED 超过一个临界点时，成年人会感知卡路里，并调整进餐量以尽量减少过度摄入。
目的
我们对学龄前儿童的测量摄入量进行了二次分析，以评估膳食能量摄入与膳食 ED 以及膳食份量、进餐次数和菜单之间的关系。
方法
我们分析了在 2 项随机交叉试验中，94 名 3 至 5 岁儿童的 6355 餐称重摄入量。我们在儿童通常的托儿环境中，为他们提供了多天的所有日常食物和牛奶。我们使用线性混合模型进行重复测量，分析了餐 ED 和餐重（供应或消耗）对能量摄入的影响。
结果
餐时的能量摄入与食物供应的 ED 和份量以及食物消耗的 ED 和重量有关（均 P < 0.0001）。能量摄入还受到进餐次数和菜单上供应的食物的显著影响。儿童会选择性地食用 ED 较高的食物，这些食物的供应份量比 ED 较低的食物少。餐能量摄入随消耗 ED 呈曲线变化；它最初会增加（斜率：113 ± 2 千卡/ED 单位），但在高 ED 餐时会减少（减速：-11 ± 1 千卡/ED 单位），没有明显的临界点。这种轨迹可能归因于供应的较高 ED 食物的份量相对有限。
结论
儿童的能量摄入通常随着 ED 的增加而增加；然而，在高 ED 餐时，能量摄入呈曲线下降，没有明显的临界点。这种在较高 ED 时摄入减少的现象可以用与进餐相关的因素来解释，如供应的份量，而不是对进餐能量含量的敏感性。这项研究在 clinicaltrials.gov 上注册为 NCT03010501 和 NCT03242863。
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