Effects of hyperoxia during oxygen nanobubble treatment on innate immunity, growth performance, gill histology, and gut microbiome in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus.

Oxygen nanobubble (NB-O) technology has been introduced to the aquaculture industry in recent years. This treatment usually results in a tremendously high level of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water. However, little is known about the possible negative effects of hyperoxia due to NB-O treatment (hyper-NB-O) on farmed fish. Here, we investigated i) the effect of short-term hyper-NB-O exposure (single treatment) on the innate immunity in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, and ii) the effect of long-term hyper-NB-O exposure (26-day treatments) on survival, growth performance, gill histology, and gut microbiome in Nile tilapia. A single treatment with NB-O for 10 min in 50 L of water resulted in 24.2 ± 0.04 mg/L DO (approximately 2-3 × 10 nanoscale oxygen bubbles/mL). This treatment did not result in differences in expression of several immune-related genes (e.g., TNF-α, LYZ and HPS70) in various tissues (e.g., gill, head kidney, and spleen) compared to the non-treated control. Over a 26-day period of exposure, no significant differences were observed in survival and growth performance of the fish, but minor histological changes were occasionally noted on the gills. Analysis of the gut microbiome revealed a significant increase in the genera Bosea, Exiguobacterium, Hyphomicrobium, and Singulisphaera in the group receiving NB-O. Moreover, no signs of "gas bubble disease" were observed in the fish throughout the duration of the experiment. Overall, these results suggest that both short- and long-term hyper-NB-O exposure appears to be benign and has no obvious adverse effects on fish.