Department of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, School of Science and Computing, Atlantic Technological University, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland.
Nutrients. 2023 Oct 11;15(20):4330. doi: 10.3390/nu15204330.
(1) Background: Participation in ultra-endurance sports, particularly ultra-running, has increased over the previous three decades. These are accompanied by high energetic demands, which may be further exacerbated by extreme environmental conditions. Preparation is long-term, comprising of sufficient exercise management, supportive dietary habits, and nutritional intakes for optimal adaptations. Gastrointestinal symptoms are often cited as causing underperformance and incompletion of events. Though the majority do not pose serious long-term health risks, they may still arise. It has been suggested that the nutritional interventions employed by such athletes prior to, during, and after exercise have the potential to alter symptom incidence, severity, and duration. A summary of such interventions does not yet exist, making it difficult for relevant personnel to develop recommendations that simultaneously improve athletic performance by attenuating gastrointestinal symptoms. The aim of this research is to systematically review the literature investigating the effects of a nutrition intervention on ultra-endurance athletes exercise-induced gastrointestinal symptom incidence, severity, or duration. (2) Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted (PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Sports Discus) in January 2023 to investigate the effects of various nutrition interventions on ultra-endurance athletes' (regardless of irritable bowel syndrome diagnosis) exercise-induced gastrointestinal symptoms. Variations of key words such as "ultra-endurance", "gastrointestinal", and "nutrition" were searched. The risk of bias in each paper was assessed using the ADA quality criteria checklist. (3) Results: Of the seven eligible studies, one was a single field-based case study, while the majority employed a crossover intervention design. A total of = 105 participants ( = 50 male; = 55 female) were included in this review. Practicing a diet low in short-chain, poorly absorbed carbohydrates, known as fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs), as well as employing repetitive gut challenges of carbohydrates, remain the most promising of strategies for exercise-induced gastrointestinal symptom management. (4) Conclusion: Avoiding high-FODMAP foods and practicing repetitive gut challenges are promising methods to manage gastrointestinal symptoms. However, sample sizes are often small and lack supportive power calculations.
(1) 背景：在过去的三十年中，参与超长耐力运动（尤其是超长跑步）的人数有所增加。这些运动伴随着高能量需求，极端的环境条件可能会进一步加剧这种情况。准备工作是长期的，包括充分的运动管理、支持性的饮食习惯以及最佳适应的营养摄入。胃肠道症状常被认为是导致表现不佳和未能完成比赛的原因。虽然大多数情况下不会造成严重的长期健康风险，但它们仍可能出现。有人认为，此类运动员在运动前、运动中和运动后采取的营养干预措施有可能改变症状的发生、严重程度和持续时间。目前还没有对这些干预措施的总结，这使得相关人员难以制定同时通过减轻胃肠道症状来提高运动表现的建议。本研究的目的是系统地回顾文献，以调查营养干预对超长耐力运动员运动引起的胃肠道症状发生率、严重程度或持续时间的影响。 (2) 方法：2023 年 1 月，我们进行了系统的文献综述（PubMed、CINAHL、Web of Science 和 Sports Discus），以调查各种营养干预措施对超长耐力运动员（无论是否患有肠易激综合征）运动引起的胃肠道症状的影响。搜索了关键词如“超长耐力”、“胃肠道”和“营养”的变体。使用 ADA 质量标准检查表评估每篇论文的偏倚风险。 (3) 结果：在七项符合条件的研究中，有一项是单一的基于现场的案例研究，而大多数采用了交叉干预设计。本综述共纳入了 = 105 名参与者（= 50 名男性；= 55 名女性）。低摄入短链、不易吸收的碳水化合物（称为可发酵寡糖、双糖、单糖和多元醇，即 FODMAPs）的饮食以及重复碳水化合物肠道挑战仍然是管理运动引起的胃肠道症状的最有前途的策略之一。 (4) 结论：避免高 FODMAP 食物和进行重复肠道挑战是管理胃肠道症状的有前途的方法。然而，样本量通常较小，缺乏支持性的功率计算。
