Pandey Shashank, Chmelir Tomas, Chottova Dvorakova Magdalena
Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
Biomedicines. 2023 Oct 20;11(10):2852. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11102852.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a very serious disease, the incidence of which has been increasing worldwide. The beginning of diabetic research can be traced back to the 17th century. Since then, animals have been experimented on for diabetic research. However, the greatest development of diabetes research occurred in the second half of the last century, along with the development of laboratory techniques. Information obtained by monitoring patients and animal models led to the finding that there are several types of DM that differ significantly from each other in the causes of the onset and course of the disease. Through different types of animal models, researchers have studied the pathophysiology of all types of diabetic conditions and discovered suitable methods for therapy. Interestingly, despite the unquestionable success in understanding DM through animal models, we did not fully succeed in transferring the data obtained from animal models to human clinical research. On the contrary, we have observed that the chances of drug failure in human clinical trials are very high. In this review, we will summarize the history and presence of animal models in the research of DM over the last hundred years. Furthermore, we have summarized the new methodological approaches, such as "organ-on-chip," that have the potential to screen the newly discovered drugs for human clinical trials and advance the level of knowledge about diabetes, as well as its therapy, towards a personalized approach.
糖尿病（DM）是一种非常严重的疾病，其发病率在全球范围内一直在上升。糖尿病研究的开端可以追溯到17世纪。从那时起，动物就被用于糖尿病研究实验。然而，糖尿病研究的最大发展发生在上个世纪下半叶，伴随着实验室技术的发展。通过对患者和动物模型的监测所获得的信息导致发现，有几种类型的糖尿病在发病原因和病程上彼此有显著差异。通过不同类型的动物模型，研究人员研究了所有类型糖尿病病症的病理生理学，并发现了合适的治疗方法。有趣的是，尽管通过动物模型在理解糖尿病方面取得了毋庸置疑的成功，但我们并没有完全成功地将从动物模型获得的数据转化为人类临床研究。相反，我们观察到在人类临床试验中药物失败的几率非常高。在这篇综述中，我们将总结过去一百年来动物模型在糖尿病研究中的历史和现状。此外，我们还总结了新的方法学方法，如“芯片器官”，这些方法有可能筛选新发现的药物用于人类临床试验，并将糖尿病及其治疗的知识水平推进到个性化方法。
