Department of Chemistry, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-Evidence Sciences, Shenyang 110122, China.
Molecules. 2023 Oct 17;28(20):7122. doi: 10.3390/molecules28207122.
As a substance present in organisms, nitrite is a metabolite of nitric oxide and can also be ingested. Nitrate is the metabolite of nitrite. Therefore, it is necessary to measure it quickly, easily and accurately to evaluate the health status of humans. Although there have been several reviews on analytical methods for non-biological samples, there have been no reviews focused on both sample preparation and analytical methods for biological samples. First, rapid and accurate nitrite measurement has significant effects on human health. Second, the detection of nitrite in biological samples is problematic due to its very low concentration and matrix interferences. Therefore, the pretreatment plus measuring methods for nitrite and nitrate obtained from biological samples since 2010 are summarized in the present review, and their prospects for the future are proposed. The treatment methods include liquid-liquid microextraction, various derivatization reactions, liquid-liquid extraction, protein precipitation, solid phase extraction, and cloud point extraction. Analytical methods include spectroscopic methods, paper-based analytical devices, ion chromatography, liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, electrochemical methods, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis. Derivatization reagents with rapid quantitative reactions and advanced extraction methods with high enrichment efficiency are also included. Nitrate and nitrate should be determined at the same time by the same analytical method. In addition, much exploration has been performed on formulating fast testing through microfluidic technology. In this review, the newest developments in nitrite and nitrate processing are a focus in addition to novel techniques employed in such analyses.
作为生物体内存在的物质，亚硝酸盐是一氧化氮的代谢物，也可以被摄入。硝酸盐是亚硝酸盐的代谢物。因此，有必要快速、简便、准确地测量它，以评估人类的健康状况。尽管已经有几篇关于非生物样本分析方法的综述，但还没有专门针对生物样本的样品制备和分析方法的综述。首先，快速准确地测量亚硝酸盐对人类健康有重要影响。其次，由于亚硝酸盐浓度非常低且存在基质干扰，因此检测生物样本中的亚硝酸盐是一个问题。因此，本综述总结了 2010 年以来从生物样本中获得的亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的预处理加测量方法，并提出了未来的展望。处理方法包括液-液微萃取、各种衍生反应、液-液萃取、蛋白质沉淀、固相萃取和浊点萃取。分析方法包括光谱法、纸基分析装置、离子色谱法、液相色谱法、气相色谱-质谱法、电化学法、液相色谱-质谱法和毛细管电泳法。还包括具有快速定量反应的衍生试剂和具有高富集效率的先进提取方法。硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐应通过相同的分析方法同时测定。此外，通过微流控技术进行快速检测的探索也很多。在本综述中，除了分析中采用的新技术外，还重点介绍了亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐处理的最新进展。
