Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Oct 10;24(20):15047. doi: 10.3390/ijms242015047.
Misuse and abuse of antibiotics on humans, cattle, and crops have led to the selection of multi-resistant pathogenic bacteria, the most feared 'superbugs'. Infections caused by superbugs are progressively difficult to treat, with a subsequent increase in lethality: the toll on human lives is predicted to reach 10 million by 2050. Here we review three concepts linked to the growing resistance to antibiotics, namely (i) the , which refers to the collection of bacterial genes that confer resistance to antibiotics, (ii) the , which includes all the mobile genetic elements that participate in the spreading of antibiotic resistance among bacteria by horizontal gene transfer processes, and (iii) the , which refers to the set of genes that are expressed when bacteria try to colonize new niches. We also discuss the strategies that can be used to tackle bacterial infections and propose an with the bacterial world so that instead of war and destruction of the 'fierce enemy' we can achieve a peaceful coexistence (the concept) between the human and the bacterial worlds. This, in turn, will contribute to microbial biodiversity, which is crucial in a globally changing climate due to anthropogenic activities.
人类、牛和作物对抗生素的误用和滥用导致了多耐药病原菌的选择，即最令人恐惧的“超级细菌”。由超级细菌引起的感染逐渐难以治疗，随后致死率增加：预计到 2050 年，人类生命的损失将达到 1000 万。在这里，我们回顾了与抗生素耐药性不断增加相关的三个概念，即 (i) ，它是指赋予抗生素耐药性的细菌基因集合，(ii) ，它包括所有参与通过水平基因转移过程在细菌中传播抗生素耐药性的可移动遗传元件，以及 (iii) ，它是指当细菌试图定植新小生境时表达的一组基因。我们还讨论了可以用来解决细菌感染的策略，并提出了与细菌世界的 ，以便我们可以实现人类和细菌世界之间的和平共处（ 概念），而不是战争和破坏“凶猛的敌人”。这反过来又将有助于微生物生物多样性，这在由于人类活动而导致全球气候变化的情况下至关重要。
