Adipose tissue as a cause of endocrine dysfunction.

Adipose tissue is a large hormonally active organ that secretes several substances (adipokines), and an important site for the synthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones. With energy balance, the secretory and metabolic activity of adipose tissue determines the normal function of many organs, including the endocrine glands. However, in the course of overweight and obesity, adverse changes occur in the structure and function of adipocytes. Obesity-related adipose tissue dysfunction translates into a change in the profile of secreted adipokines, and it impairs steroidogenesis. These phenomena contribute to the development of obesity-related complications, which also affect the major tropic axes regulating the endocrine glands. However, there is increasing evidence that weight reduction is an effective treatment for obesity-related adipose tissue dysfunction, thereby restoring endocrine function. This narrative review presents the impact of adipose tissue on endocrine gland activity both in the physiological state and in obesity-related dysfunction. It also discusses how functional (related to excess adiposity) changes in the endocrine system can be restored with effective treatment of obesity.