Enhancing Craniofacial Bone Reconstruction with Clinically Applicable 3D Bioprinted Constructs.

Medical imaging and 3D bioprinting can be used to create patient-specific bone scaffolds with complex shapes and controlled inner architectures. This study investigated the effectiveness of a biomimetic approach to scaffold design by employing geometric control. The biomimetic scaffold with a dense external layer showed improved bone regeneration compared to the control scaffold. New bone filled the defected region in the biomimetic scaffolds, while the control scaffolds only presented new bone at the boundary. Histological examination also shows effective bone regeneration in the biomimetic scaffolds, while fibrotic tissue ingrowth is observed in the control scaffolds. These findings suggest that the biomimetic bone scaffold, designed to minimize competition for fibrotic tissue formation in the bony defect, can enhance bone regeneration. This study underscores the notion that patient-specific anatomy can be accurately translated into a 3D bioprinting strategy through medical imaging, leading to the fabrication of constructs with significant clinical relevance.