Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; email:
Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Annu Rev Psychol. 2024 Jan 18;75:433-466. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-013123-123421. Epub 2023 Oct 31.
Two decades of social neuroscience and neuroeconomics research illustrate the brain mechanisms that are engaged when people consider human beings, often in comparison to considering artificial intelligence (AI) as a nonhuman control. AI as an experimental control preserves agency and facilitates social interactions but lacks a human presence, providing insight into brain mechanisms that are engaged by human presence and the presence of AI. Here, I review this literature to determine how the brain instantiates human and AI presence across social perception and decision-making paradigms commonly used to realize a social context. People behave toward humans differently than they do toward AI. Moreover, brain regions more engaged by humans compared to AI extend beyond the social cognition brain network to all parts of the brain, and the brain sometimes is engaged more by AI than by humans. Finally, I discuss gaps in the literature, limitations in current neuroscience approaches, and how an understanding of the brain correlates of human and AI presence can inform social science in the wild.
二十年的社会神经科学和神经经济学研究说明了人们在考虑人类时所涉及的大脑机制，通常是将人工智能（AI）作为非人类对照进行比较。AI 作为实验对照保留了能动性并促进了社交互动，但缺乏人类的存在，这为研究人类存在和 AI 存在所涉及的大脑机制提供了线索。在这里，我回顾了这方面的文献，以确定大脑如何在通常用于实现社交环境的社交感知和决策范式中体现人类和 AI 的存在。人们对人类的行为与对 AI 的行为不同。此外，与 AI 相比，大脑中与人类相关的区域不仅延伸到社会认知脑网络，还延伸到大脑的各个部位，而且有时大脑对 AI 的反应比对人类的反应更强烈。最后，我讨论了文献中的空白、当前神经科学方法的局限性，以及对人类和 AI 存在的大脑相关物的理解如何为现实世界中的社会科学提供信息。
