Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, AR, 71601, USA.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
Environ Pollut. 2024 Jan 1;340(Pt 2):122828. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122828. Epub 2023 Oct 29.
Numerous toxic substances are directly and indirectly discharged by humans into water bodies, causing distress to the organisms living on it. 6PPD, an amino antioxidant from tires reacts with ozone to form 6PPD-Q, which has garnered global attention due to its lethal nature to various organisms. This review aims to provide an understanding of the sources, transformation, and fate of 6PPD-Q in water and the current knowledge on its effects on aquatic organisms. Furthermore, we discuss research gaps pertaining to the mechanisms by which 6PPD-Q acts within fish bodies. Previous studies have demonstrated the ubiquitous presence of 6PPD-Q in the environment, including air, water, and soil. Moreover, this compound has shown high lethality to certain fish species while not affecting others. Toxicological studies have revealed its impact on the nervous system, intestinal barrier function, cardiac function, equilibrium loss, and oxidative stress in various fish species. Additionally, exposure to 6PPD-Q has led to organ injury, lipid accumulation, and cytokine production in C. elegans and mice. Despite studies elucidating the lethal dose and effects of 6PPD-Q in fish species, the underlying mechanisms behind these symptoms remain unclear. Future studies should prioritize investigating the mechanisms underlying the lethality of 6PPD-Q in fish species to gain a better understanding of its potential effects on different organisms.
人类将大量有毒物质直接或间接排放到水体中，对生活在其中的生物造成危害。轮胎中的氨基酸抗氧化剂 6PPD 与臭氧反应生成 6PPD-Q，由于其对各种生物的致命性质而引起全球关注。本综述旨在了解 6PPD-Q 在水中的来源、转化和归宿，以及其对水生生物的影响的现有知识。此外，我们还讨论了有关 6PPD-Q 在鱼体内作用机制的研究空白。先前的研究表明，6PPD-Q 普遍存在于环境中，包括空气、水和土壤。此外，这种化合物对某些鱼类具有很高的致死性，而对其他鱼类则没有影响。毒理学研究表明，它对不同鱼类的神经系统、肠道屏障功能、心脏功能、平衡丧失和氧化应激都有影响。此外，6PPD-Q 暴露还导致秀丽隐杆线虫和小鼠的器官损伤、脂质积累和细胞因子产生。尽管有研究阐明了 6PPD-Q 在鱼类中的致死剂量和作用，但这些症状背后的潜在机制仍不清楚。未来的研究应优先调查 6PPD-Q 对鱼类致死的潜在机制，以更好地了解其对不同生物的潜在影响。
