Mayer Paul M, Moran Kelly D, Miller Ezra L, Brander Susanne M, Harper Stacey, Garcia-Jaramillo Manuel, Carrasco-Navarro Victor, Ho Kay T, Burgess Robert M, Thornton Hampton Leah M, Granek Elise F, McCauley Margaret, McIntyre Jenifer K, Kolodziej Edward P, Hu Ximin, Williams Antony J, Beckingham Barbara A, Jackson Miranda E, Sanders-Smith Rhea D, Fender Chloe L, King George A, Bollman Michael, Kaushal Sujay S, Cunningham Brittany E, Hutton Sara J, Lang Jackelyn, Goss Heather V, Siddiqui Samreen, Sutton Rebecca, Lin Diana, Mendez Miguel
US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Jun 1;927:171153. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171153. Epub 2024 Mar 7.
About 3 billion new tires are produced each year and about 800 million tires become waste annually. Global dependence upon tires produced from natural rubber and petroleum-based compounds represents a persistent and complex environmental problem with only partial and often-times, ineffective solutions. Tire emissions may be in the form of whole tires, tire particles, and chemical compounds, each of which is transported through various atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic routes in the natural and built environments. Production and use of tires generates multiple heavy metals, plastics, PAH's, and other compounds that can be toxic alone or as chemical cocktails. Used tires require storage space, are energy intensive to recycle, and generally have few post-wear uses that are not also potential sources of pollutants (e.g., crumb rubber, pavements, burning). Tire particles emitted during use are a major component of microplastics in urban runoff and a source of unique and highly potent toxic substances. Thus, tires represent a ubiquitous and complex pollutant that requires a comprehensive examination to develop effective management and remediation. We approach the issue of tire pollution holistically by examining the life cycle of tires across production, emissions, recycling, and disposal. In this paper, we synthesize recent research and data about the environmental and human health risks associated with the production, use, and disposal of tires and discuss gaps in our knowledge about fate and transport, as well as the toxicology of tire particles and chemical leachates. We examine potential management and remediation approaches for addressing exposure risks across the life cycle of tires. We consider tires as pollutants across three levels: tires in their whole state, as particulates, and as a mixture of chemical cocktails. Finally, we discuss information gaps in our understanding of tires as a pollutant and outline key questions to improve our knowledge and ability to manage and remediate tire pollution.
每年大约生产30亿条新轮胎，每年约有8亿条轮胎成为废弃物。全球对天然橡胶和石油基化合物制成的轮胎的依赖，是一个持续且复杂的环境问题，目前只有部分解决方案，而且往往效果不佳。轮胎排放物可能以完整轮胎、轮胎颗粒和化合物的形式存在，它们各自通过自然环境和人造环境中的各种大气、陆地和水路途径进行传输。轮胎的生产和使用会产生多种重金属、塑料、多环芳烃和其他化合物，这些物质单独或作为化学混合物都可能有毒。废旧轮胎需要存储空间，回收过程能源消耗大，而且通常在磨损后的用途也很少，同时还可能成为污染物的潜在来源（例如，橡胶颗粒、路面、燃烧）。使用过程中排放的轮胎颗粒是城市径流中微塑料的主要成分，也是独特且强效有毒物质的来源。因此，轮胎是一种普遍存在且复杂的污染物，需要进行全面研究，以制定有效的管理和修复措施。我们通过研究轮胎在生产、排放、回收和处置全过程的生命周期，全面探讨轮胎污染问题。在本文中，我们综合了近期关于轮胎生产、使用和处置所涉及的环境和人类健康风险的研究及数据，并讨论了我们在轮胎归宿与传输、轮胎颗粒和化学渗滤液的毒理学等方面的知识空白。我们研究了针对轮胎生命周期内暴露风险的潜在管理和修复方法。我们从三个层面将轮胎视为污染物：完整状态的轮胎、颗粒状轮胎以及化学混合物形式的轮胎。最后，我们讨论了在将轮胎视为污染物的理解方面存在的信息空白，并概述了关键问题，以增进我们对轮胎污染管理和修复的知识及能力。
