Kathumbi Lilies K, Home Patrick G, Raude James M, Gathitu Benson B
Department of Civil Engineering, Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya.
Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya.
Heliyon. 2023 Oct 27;9(11):e21354. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21354. eCollection 2023 Nov.
Biodiesel has several environmental benefits, such as biodegradability, renewability and lower soot emissions. However, biodiesel has undesirable properties such as higher viscosity and density and low calorific value compared to petroleum diesel, resulting in high Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), reduced Brake Power (BP) and increased NO emissions creating an environmental concerns in biodiesel development. This study investigated the effects of synthesizing transesterification catalysts (CaO and NaOH) with Citric Acid (CA) on the quality of biodiesel and biodiesel blends produced from Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) (Hermetia ). The quality of biodiesel and blends was determined based on fuel properties, engine performance and emission composition characteristics. The tests were performed on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, Compression Ignition (CI) diesel engine at five loads at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. The results showed that synthesizing the catalysts with CA significantly affected the fatty acid profile of the biodiesel compared to physical fuel properties. B100 (pure BSFL biodiesel) exhibited higher BSFC by 10.57-13.97 % and lower BP by 4.21-7.83 % than diesel fuel. However, the Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of biodiesel was higher than that of diesel fuel by 0.82-4.34 % at maximum load. Synthesizing catalysts with CA improved the viscosity of biodiesel by 0.93-2.81 % and effectively reduced NO, HC and Smoke opacity by 2.23-3.16 %, 4.95-5.83 % and 20.51-41.15 %, respectively.
生物柴油具有多种环境效益，如生物降解性、可再生性以及较低的烟尘排放。然而，与石油柴油相比，生物柴油具有一些不良特性，如较高的粘度和密度以及较低的热值，导致制动比油耗（BSFC）较高、制动功率（BP）降低以及氮氧化物排放增加，这在生物柴油开发中引发了环境问题。本研究调查了用柠檬酸（CA）合成酯交换催化剂（氧化钙和氢氧化钠）对黑水虻幼虫（BSFL）（黑腹果蝇）生产的生物柴油及生物柴油混合物质量的影响。生物柴油及其混合物的质量是根据燃料特性、发动机性能和排放成分特征来确定的。试验在一台单缸、四冲程、压燃式（CI）柴油发动机上进行，转速恒定为1500转/分钟，共设置了五个负荷。结果表明，与物理燃料特性相比，用CA合成催化剂对生物柴油的脂肪酸谱有显著影响。与柴油相比，B100（纯BSFL生物柴油）的制动比油耗高10.57 - 13.97%，制动功率低4.21 - 7.83%。然而，在最大负荷下，生物柴油的制动热效率（BTE）比柴油高0.82 - 4.34%。用CA合成催化剂使生物柴油的粘度提高了0.93 - 2.81%，并分别有效降低了氮氧化物、碳氢化合物和烟度2.23 - 3.16%、4.95 - 5.83%和20.51 - 41.15%。
